What are the common infectious diseases in spring and how to prevent them
Sihaiwang: spring is the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases, and it is also the time when all kinds of pathogens spread wantonly. Although we can't prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases, we can do a good job in prevention and preparation by knowing what infectious diseases are in spring. If we don't pay attention to exercise and the indoor air is not circulating, it is easy to have the prevalence of respiratory tract infectious diseases and other common epidemic diseases.
Influenza (influenza)
For short, influenza, an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, has a strong infectivity, and its incidence takes the first place in infectious diseases. The incubation period is 1-3 days, and the main symptoms are fever, headache, runny nose, sore throat, dry cough, pain and discomfort of muscles and joints in the whole body. The fever lasts for 3-4 days generally, and there are also severe pneumonia or gastrointestinal influenza. The main source of infection is patients and recessive infection, the infection period is one week. The main route of transmission is air droplets, which can also be transmitted indirectly through the items contaminated by the virus. People are generally susceptible to influenza.
Preventive measures: vaccination against influenza has been recognized by the international medical community as the most effective weapon against influenza. It is also an effective measure to prevent the flu, such as exercising, strengthening the body, opening windows and ventilating frequently in the flu season, keeping the indoor air fresh, and reducing the number of elderly and children to densely populated places.
measles
Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by measles virus, which mainly occurs in winter and spring. Those who have not been vaccinated with measles vaccine, more than 90% of them will get sick after contact, and the incidence of children aged 1-5 is the highest. The patient is the only source of infection. Measles virus exists in the secretions of conjunctiva, nose, mouth and throat (such as tears, snot, phlegm, etc.) as well as in urine and blood. The incubation period of measles is 10-11 days. At the beginning, the symptoms are like a cold, but at the same time, there are more serious symptoms such as red eyes, swollen eyelids, tears, fear of light, sneezing, cough and so on. From the fourth day, rose colored maculopapular rash began to appear at the back of the ear. Within 2-3 days, the rash spread all over the body, then the rash subsided and desquamated. Other symptoms gradually subsided.
Preventive measures: to minimize contact with patients and their families is the key to prevent measles. Do a good job in health care, vaccinate measles vaccine on time, circulate indoor air, go to public places less in the epidemic season, exercise, and enhance disease resistance.
Hand foot mouth disease
Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children caused by a variety of enteroviruses. It is mainly transmitted by droplets in the digestive tract or respiratory tract, and can also be infected by contact with the patient's skin and mucous membrane herpes fluid. First, fever, maculopapular rash and herpes (redness around the rash) appear in the palm and foot, and herpes and / or ulcer appear in the oral mucosa, with obvious pain. Some patients may have cough, runny nose, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache and other symptoms. A small number of patients with severe disease, can be accompanied by encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, pneumonia and so on. Infants and children are more common, 3-year-old and under 3-year-old infants are easier to get. Adults usually do not get sick after infection, but will spread the virus to their children.
Preventive measures: pay attention to oral hygiene. Before and after eating, use normal saline or warm boiled water to rinse your mouth. Do not let your child eat raw or cold food. Cut nails and wash hands frequently. Children should not be taken to public places where people gather and the air circulation is poor. The family should be ventilated frequently. More solar energy can effectively eliminate the virus. In addition, household items such as clothes and quilts should also be exposed to the sun frequently.
Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza
Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a human acute infectious disease caused by the HPAI virus, which mainly causes respiratory tract damage. Avian influenza is mainly transmitted through the air. The virus spreads along with the secretion, excreta, blood of the corpse, organ tissue, drinking water, environment, clothes and eggs, causing environmental pollution. It can also be infected through the digestive tract and skin wounds. The incubation period of human avian influenza is generally 1-7 days. The early symptoms are similar to that of general influenza, mainly including fever, runny nose, sore throat, cough, etc. the body temperature can reach more than 39 ℃, accompanied by systemic pain. Some patients may have nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, etc.
Preventive measures: develop good hygiene habits, wash hands with running water before and after eating and after contacting poultry; pay attention to food hygiene, do not drink raw water, eat poultry meat and eggs thoroughly cooked, pay attention to the separation of raw and cooked when processing and preserving food; do a good job in kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and viscera, and wash hands thoroughly after dissecting live (dead) poultry, livestock and their products.
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, formerly known as "tuberculosis", is a systemic chronic infectious disease caused by the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly through the respiratory tract. Tuberculosis is the most common, and it can also invade meninges, intestines, kidneys, bones, ovaries, uterus and other organs. Tuberculosis patients in the active stage (i.e. sputum smear positive or sputum culture positive) are the main source of infection; the transmission routes of tuberculosis are respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin mucous membrane contact, but mainly through respiratory tract. People are generally susceptible, but people who have close contact with TB patients; people who have weak resistance to TB, such as children, the elderly, malnutrition, dust (silicosis), diabetes, HIV positive or AIDS and other groups are the key groups.
Preventive measures: first of all, we should improve our immunity, strengthen exercise and ensure adequate nutrition. For infants, BCG should be inoculated on time to obtain immunity. Secondly, attention should be paid to room ventilation to avoid close contact with the confirmed infectious TB patients. Third, we should actively and effectively treat diabetes, silicosis, pertussis and other basic diseases that are easy to induce tuberculosis.
Although there are many kinds of infectious diseases in spring, as long as we pay attention to prevention, early detection, early isolation, early diagnosis and early treatment, we can effectively block the spread of infectious diseases.