In the golden autumn of October, great achievements have been made, and the 118th Nobel Prize 'opening week' is about to open. From October 7, the six major awards will be announced in turn. It is worth noting that the Literature Awards suspended due to the scandal in 2018 will be 'double presented' together with the awards in 2019.
The Nobel Prize has gone through a century. As of 2018, 590 awards have been awarded, and a total of 935 individuals or organizations have won awards. Today, the Nobel Prize has been regarded as one of the most important honors in various fields.
How much do you know about the Nobel Prize? Over the past century, what are the unknown stories about nominations and awards? Who will be the new batch of 'life winners'?
[Nobel Prize files]
Name: Nobel Prize
Awards: physiology and Medicine Award, physics award, Chemistry Award, literature award, peace award and economics award
First award: 1901, 1969 (economics award)
Award date: December 10 of each year (the date of Nobel's death)
Prizes: medals, certificates, prizes (Nobel Legacy)
Awarding organization: the Committee designated by each award
Nobel Foundation
Qualified nominees: members of award-winning institutions, experts in various fields, university professors, former Nobel laureates, etc
Data figure: the scene of the Nobel prize awarding ceremony.
[Nobel's gift]
On October 21, 1833, Alfred Nobel was born in Sweden. Since his childhood, he had a strong interest in literature, chemistry and physics, and embarked on the road of becoming a chemist. In his life, he obtained 355 patents and was famous for the invention of nitroglycerin explosive.
However, Nobel never married or had children all his life. Before his death, his brother died earlier. In 1895, Nobel, 62, wrote in his will, 'please turn my property into a fund and use the interest of this fund as a bonus every year to reward those who made outstanding contributions to mankind the previous year.'
The Nobel Prize came into being and continues to this day.
[decryption Nobel Prize 'first half of life': 18347 nominations completed]
According to the rules of the Nobel Prize Foundation, the information of the nominees and nominees will be kept strictly confidential for 50 years. Up to now, only the information before 1966 (physiology and medicine prize up to 1953, peace prize up to 1967) has been published on the official website of the Nobel Prize. As of the above years, the Nobel Prize has completed 18347 nominations.
It is understood that from September every year, major award committees begin to collect nomination information for the new year. From March to September of the following year, they will review the nominees received and gradually narrow the list of candidates. In October, the winners of that year will be made public.
In 2018, because the families of academicians of the Swedish Academy of arts were deeply involved in a scandal, the institution decided to stop awarding the Nobel Prize for literature in that year and instead award it together with the prize in 2019. Therefore, the awarding scene of the 2019 literature award will be "good things in pairs".
[those who won the Nobel Prize 'accompany the big families']
Over the past century, many scientists have been 'famous' because they have won the Nobel Prize. However, some people, although they have made great achievements, have' been missing 'the Nobel Prize.
If Swedish atomic physicist Liz maitner were still alive, she would probably be depressed to see the Nobel Prize nomination record. After all, in more than 40 years, she has been nominated 48 times, but she has never 'come to the end'.
It is understood that maitner's most important achievement is considered to explain the nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn in 1938. In her life, she won 29 nominations for the Nobel Prize in physics and 19 nominations for the Nobel Prize in chemistry, but she never won a prize.
Coincidentally, as the founder of psychoanalysis, Austrian psychologist Freud has also been nominated for 33 Nobel prizes. In 1936, the famous French writer Roman Roland even nominated Freud as the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature.
In the nomination letter, Roland wrote: "I know that at first glance, psychoanalysts are more suitable for the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, but his great works have deeply influenced the literary world in the past 30 years."
However, Freud finally failed to "pocket" the Nobel Prize.
Data figure: Einstein.
[you must have heard of these people. How many times have they been nominated?]
According to the official website of the Nobel Prize, Einstein, a famous physicist who proposed the theory of relativity, was nominated 62 times. In 1921, when he won the Nobel Prize in physics, he won 14 nominations.
Austrian physicist Schrodinger, who is well known by the public for his "Schrodinger's cat" thought experiment, has won 41 nominations. One of the 11 nominees when he won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1933 was Einstein.
Compared with Einstein and Schrodinger, French physicist Madame Curie is' more efficient '. She was nominated by only five people and won two awards (physics award and Chemistry Award).
Data figure: the opening of the 2015 Nobel Prize in economics.
[who will win the Nobel Prize in 2019?]
On September 24, the list of "Thomson Reuters citation laureate Award", known as the "Nobel weathervane", was announced. 19 scientific research elites from America, Europe and Asia were selected, setting off a new round of "Nobel Prize conjecture".
Later on October 7, the 2019 Nobel Prize is about to open. The specific time of announcing each award is as follows (all Beijing time):
Physiology and Medicine Award: no earlier than 5:30 p.m. on October 7
Physics award: no earlier than 5:45 p.m. on October 8
Chemistry Award: no earlier than 5:45 p.m. on October 9
Literature Award: no earlier than 7:00 p.m. on October 10 (both 2018 and 2019)
Peace Prize: no earlier than 5:00 p.m. on October 11
Economics award: no earlier than 5:45 p.m. on October 14