As the last feudal dynasty in China, the Qing Dynasty began when Huang Taiji became emperor in 1636. On February 12, 1912, Yuan Shikai forced Xuantong emperor Puyi to issue a abdication edict. The Qing Dynasty had twelve emperors and enjoyed the national throne for 268 years. Although the Qing Dynasty left many disadvantages in politics and buried many hidden dangers for China's development, it also had a brilliant era.
Brief introduction and reign time of emperors in the Qing Dynasty
Nurhachi (emperor before entering the customs)
Nurhachi, surnamed Aisin juero and No. shulebelle, was born in the 38th year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1559) in a Manchu slave owner's family in Hetu ala city (Xinbin County, Liaoning Province), Zuowei Suke Suhu Department of Jianzhou. In the 11th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nurhachi rose up unyielding and took up the army with his father and 13 officers of ancestral armour to 'become king from the middle'. He led the children of the eight banners to fight between the White Mountains and the black waters. He was not afraid of the great enemy and was not discouraged by heavy losses. He defended his power bravely and was supported by the Ministry. For more than 30 years, he unified the various departments of Nuzhen, which promoted the development of Nuzhen society and the formation of Manchu community. In the 44th year of Wanli (1616), Jianyuan was called Khan in Hetu ala, and the country name was Dajin (known as Houjin in History). Nurhachi's army grew stronger and stronger. In the 46th year of Wanli (1618), he worshipped heaven with "seven hatred" and vowed to sign the Ming Dynasty, and began to work hard for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. In the historical books of the Chinese nation, his wisdom and achievements will last forever. In the battle with Ming general yuan Chonghuan in Ningyuan, he was defeated and injured. He died in August of the eleventh year of his destiny (1626). At the age of 68, he was buried in the east of Shenyang, known as' Fuling '. Temple name 'Taizu'.
Huang Taiji (the second emperor before entering the pass)
Aisin juero & middot; Huang Taiji is the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, and his mother, ye henara. Huang Taiji was born on October 25, the 20th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1592). After the defeat of Nurhachi Ningyuan and his death, he became the post golden Khan. He reigned for 17 years and died in the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643). Temple name 'Taizong'.
Less than ten years after he ascended the throne, he unified the whole northeast, went south to Korea, marched West to Mongolia, and repeatedly defeated the officers and soldiers of the Ming Dynasty. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), it was renamed emperor, established the Great Qing Empire of Kanto unification, and renamed the family name 'Manchuria'. He moved westward ambitiously. As Bing Feng pointed out, Gyeonggi was shocked. After two decisive battles in Songjin, the elite of the Ming army were wiped out. Outside the Shanhaiguan Pass, there was only an isolated city in Ningyuan, and the Daming River and mountain were in danger. Huangtai Chi has a broad-minded, courageous and resourceful military and a pioneering spirit in politics. It not only has a strong national consciousness, but also yearns for the Han culture, promotes the advantages and eliminates the disadvantages, gives preferential courtesy to Han officials, and is known as the founding king of "inheriting the founding cause of Taizu and the grand plan of unification of the Qing Dynasty". He died on the eve of the entry of the Qing army and failed to realize his long cherished wish to seize national power.
Shunzhi
Shunzhi emperor Fulin was the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He was the ninth son of Huang Taiji. He was born in the third year of Chongde (1638). He ascended the throne in Shenyang on August 26, the eighth year of Chongde. He changed yuan Shunzhi and reigned for 18 years. He died in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661) at the age of 24.
After Shunzhi ascended the throne, he was assisted by his uncle Dourgen. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, Dourgen went out to shoot and died outside the Great Wall. The 14-year-old Fulin came into power ahead of time. Emperor Shunzhi was intelligent and diligent. He absorbed the advanced Han culture, sized up the situation, changed the formal ancestral system, and relied on Han officials regardless of the opposition of Manchu Pro noble ministers. In order to ensure the long-term stability of the emerging ruling foundation, he took the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty as a reference, vigilant against the misfortune of eunuchs and friends, paid attention to straightening out the administration of officials, paid attention to rest with the people, and took it as a festival. But he was young, headstrong, anxious and irritable. After the death of his beloved concubine Dong, he turned negative and disgusted with the world. Finally, he hurried through his short life and died young. He was the only emperor in the history of the Qing Dynasty who publicly returned to Zen.
Kangxi
Emperor Kangxi, named Xuanye, was the third son of Shunzhi. He was born in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (May 4, 1654). It is the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history, reigning for 61 years.
Kangxi was diligent and studious since he was a child. He was proficient in all aspects of culture, military strategy and tactics. His military talent was fully demonstrated in a series of military operations, such as eliminating pincer worship, removing San Francisco, unifying Taiwan and calming the quasi Gore rebellion. The careful selection of talents, the commendation of honest officials, the repair of rivers and the solicitation of Han intellectuals also reflect that Kangxi was an excellent politician and wise monarch.
Compared with Xuanye's political life, his family life is not happy. The struggle between the princes to seize the reserve makes him haggard.
Although Xuanye thought he was a good emperor who worked hard and cared about people's livelihood. Of course, as a great figure standing in front of the historical trend and guiding the rapid progress of the country and nation, he is much inferior.
Yongzheng
Yongzheng emperor Yinzhen, born in the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), was the fourth son of Kangxi. In the 61st year of Kangxi, Yin Zhen, 45, inherited the throne and died in the Old Summer Palace for 13 years. Temple name Shizong.
Yinzhen stepped on the historical stage in the form of social stagnation in the early days of the prosperous era of Kangxi and Qianlong and the late years of Kangxi. The complex social contradictions provided Yinzhen with an opportunity to display his ambition and talents. He carried out a number of major reforms step by step, with great foresight, but also worked hard day by day, made fruitful achievements in the past 13 years, laid a solid foundation for future generations of Qianlong, and made the 'prosperous age of Kang and Qian' reach its peak in the Qianlong period. His historical position is not inferior to that of Nai father Kangxi and nai son Qianlong. Although he was suspicious, mean and ungrateful, and ruled harshly, it was secondary to his performance after all.
Qianlong
Emperor Qianlong Hongli was born in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711) and died in the 4th year of Jiaqing (1799). He was the fourth son of Yongzheng. He reigned for 60 years. After abdication, he became the supreme emperor for three years. He was 89 years old.
At the beginning of Emperor Qianlong's accession to the throne, he implemented the policy of leniency and fierce mutual aid, pragmatic foot the country, attached importance to agriculture and mulberry, stopped donating money, calmed the rebellion and a series of activities, which fully reflected his cultural and martial arts. Emperor Qianlong admired elegance, was good at riding and shooting, and kept his pen and ink in the north and south of the river. He was a famous cultural relics collector. Most of the calligraphy and paintings in the Qing palace were collected by him. During his reign, he compiled the Si Ku Quan Shu, with a total of 3503 kinds of books, 79337 volumes and 36304 volumes. The number of volumes is three times that of the Yongle Da Dian, which has become a collection of China's ancient ideological and cultural heritage.
However, Qianlong was extravagant. In his later years, the National Treasury was exhausted, corrupt officials and gentry were reused, and even peasant uprisings emerged one after another in his later years, which was a sign of the decline of the Qing Dynasty.
Jiaqing
Qian Yan, Emperor Jiaqing, was the 15th son of Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. Born in the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), he was granted Prince Jia in the 54th year. He ascended the throne in the 60th year of Qianlong and reigned in Jiaqing for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) at the age of 61. The temple is called 'Renzong'.
Emperor Jiaqing was a diligent and successful monarch. A series of policies and measures adopted by him after he took office played a certain role in changing the corrupt policies in the late Qianlong period, but he did not and could not fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Personally, Emperor Jiaqing could not prescribe a prescription to cure the increasingly serious corruption and laziness. He could only warn and intimidate a large number of bureaucrats who were "protecting the position of corpse and Lu", and finally did nothing. He had a certain understanding of the aggression of Western colonialists, but for an ancient feudal country that was weakening day by day, he could not really effectively deal with foreign invaders, and then he could only slide down the road of decline.
brilliance of virtue
Mianning, the emperor of Daoguang, was born in the 47th year of Qianlong (September 16, 1782) and died on the 14th day of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang. He reigned for 30 years and was 69 years old. The temple is called Xuanzong and buried in Mu mausoleum.
Daoguang emperor's disciples with mediocre intelligence are famous for their frugality. He is at a critical moment of historical turning point and 'abide by its routine without knowing its change'. Opium poisoning from the southeast sea and British invasion made him restless in sleep and food. He wanted to strictly ban smoking and was determined to fight the invaders, but he didn't know where Britain came from or what colonialism was. He had no knowledge of others and no response in the face of danger, so that he was at a loss and had no strategy. He could only sigh in self hatred and self shame. As a result, he accepted the British Alliance under the city and signed the first unequal treaty in modern history - the Sino British Jiangning treaty.
Emperor Daoguang has been in power for 30 years. The court is arbitrary and hands-on, but internal affairs, such as administration of officials, river work, water transport and smoking prohibition, have not improved. The tragedy of his life lies in his diligent administration and few achievements.
Xianfeng
Xianfeng emperor Yi Chen was born in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing in the 11th year of Daoguang (July 17, 1831). Xianfeng died on August 22, 1861. He has been in office for 11 years.
When Xianfeng ascended the throne, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Jintian village in front of Zijing mountain, Guangxi. Then came the battle of the British and French coalition forces, forcing Xianfeng to flee to Rehe Chengde. Xianfeng had been in power for 11 years. The people were boiling with resentment and did not take up the war. 'the overall situation was rotten and out of control'. He often wandered at night and was at a loss. Therefore, he indulged in sound and color, indulged in lust and killed himself. Two days before his death, he preached 'ruyizhou flower singing is still the same'.
Emperor Xianfeng, who had high aspirations and sparse talents, was trapped in the frame of his ancestors. Finally, he failed to cross a threshold and went to the world without worries with infinite worries.
Tongzhi
Zaichun, Emperor Tongzhi, was the only son of Xianfeng and yehenara. Born in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856). In the 12th year of Tongzhi, he was in power. Died the following year, 19. The temple is called 'muzong'.
Emperor Tongzhi reigned for 14 years. During this period, the Qing government relied on a group of important officials such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang to suppress a series of peasant uprisings such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising. They also carried out some so-called "new Westernization policies.". But none of this had much to do with the Tongzhi emperor. The ruler at that time was actually Cixi. Zai Chun was a young urchin when he was young. After he took office, as a young emperor, he really failed to live up to the ardent expectations of the government and the public. He died of smallpox two years after taking office.
Guangxu reign period
Zaitan, Emperor Guangxu, was born in the 10th year of Tongzhi reign (August 14, 1871) in the alcohol palace beside Taiping Lake, Xuanwumen, Beijing. His father Yihuan was the seventh son of Emperor Daoguang and his mother was the sister of Cixi. This special family environment made him appointed emperor after Tongzhi's death. He reigned for 34 years and died in the 13th year of Guangxu reign. He was 38 years old. His temple name was Dezong and was buried in Chongling, Yi County, Hebei Province.
Emperor Guangxu was in power at the age of 19. He was full of young people's enterprising spirit, was willing to accept new ideas, 'unwilling to be the king of subjugation', actively supported the reform, and once became the 'savior' in the hearts of the reformers. However, the reform endangered the interests of the feudal conservative forces and was obstructed by the Qing aristocracy dominated by Cixi. The failure of the reform movement of 1898 killed the vitality of the Qing Dynasty to change the old chapter. Emperor Guangxu did not have the courage to break through the shackles of feudal ethical thought. He had a sad mood. His whole life was a tragic fate of humiliation and sorrow. When the Eight Power Allied forces occupied Beijing, Cixi had to flee to Xi'an with Emperor Guangxu. After the Boxer Movement, anti Qing armed uprisings occurred one after another, the ideological trend of Democratic Revolution spread widely throughout the country, and the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of collapse.
Xuantong
Aisin juero & middot; Puyi was born in the 32nd year of Guangxu (February 7, 1906) in the alcohol Palace by the sea of Shicha, Beijing. He died of illness in Beijing on October 17, 1967 at the age of 61. He is the author of his autobiography the first half of my life.
Three years after emperor Xuantong ascended the throne, the conditions of bourgeois democratic revolution advocated by Sun Yat Sen became more and more mature, and the Qing Dynasty