Banana is very popular because of its soft waxy meat, sweet and delicious. It is said that Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, gained wisdom by eating bananas, so bananas are also known as "the fruit of wisdom". So how are bananas raised? Let's go and have a look~
Cultivation method of banana planting (basic knowledge): the best breeding time: the best planting time is from mid March to early April. The specific time depends on the source of seedlings. Autumn planting should be carried out from late August to mid September.
The best growing soil: the banana root group is delicate, the selection of soil is strict, the ventilation is poor, the clayey soil with poor structure or poor drainage are very unfavorable to the development of roots, and the clay content & lt; Sand loam with 40% and groundwater level below 1m, especially alluvial loam or humus loam;
Growth humidity requirements: bananas like humid climate;
The best growth temperature: the growth temperature of banana is 20-35 ℃, the most suitable is 24-32 ℃, and the lowest should not be lower than 15.5 ℃;
Best growth light: bananas like sunny environment.
Precautions for banana planting and breeding: fertilizer application:
Banana needs a large amount of fertilizer for growth, with developed roots but shallow distribution. It is particularly sensitive to fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer can promote early flowering of banana and increase yield significantly. Potassium fertilizer is an essential component for the synthesis of pseudostem and leaf fiber: Banana needs the most potassium fertilizer, followed by nitrogen fertilizer, and the least phosphorus fertilizer. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 4:1:14. For the varieties with high culm, the ratio of potassium to nitrogen was low; The ratio of potassium to nitrogen was higher in the varieties with short culms; The potassium nitrogen ratio was low in the early stage and high in the later stage.
Key points of watering:
Bananas need a large amount of water. Generally, it is required to have a monthly rainfall of more than 100 mm. If it is less than 50 mm, it belongs to the dry season. Due to water shortage, bananas have prolonged budding period, short fruit index and low per unit yield. Rainfall in South China is uneven, high temperature is often accompanied by rain, and low temperature is accompanied by drought. The rapid growth period of banana leaves is the most vigorous period of plant growth and the period with the most water demand. Supplying enough nutrients and water in high temperature season can promote banana leaf expansion and plant growth, bud early and improve yield. Long term drought leads to slow growth of banana plants, yellow leaves, wilting and drooping, and pseudostem atrophy. In the flower bud differentiation stage, the number of fruit combs and fruit index decrease, and the fruit index becomes shorter.
Breeding points:
Bananas are mainly propagated by sucking buds or underground stems. Two breeding techniques are introduced as follows:
Bud sucking propagation
According to their characters and sources, banana buds can be divided into sword buds (sword leaf buds) and big leaf buds (big leaf buds). Sword bud can be kept as mother plant or seedling. Sword buds can be divided into red bamboo shoots and ragged buds due to different pumping stages, which are described as follows:
Red bamboo shoot
The red bamboo shoot is named for its strong base, thin upper part and small leaves. The whole bud looks like a bamboo shoot (when it first comes out). It is a bud that grows on the ground only after the temperature warms up in February, and can be kept as the mother plant of the next generation. If it needs to be transplanted as a seedling, it generally needs to be more than 40cm high. After colonization, leaves first and then roots.
Ragged bud
The leaf blade is narrow and small like a sword. It is named because its leaves were pulled out in the previous year and withered over the winter, but still hung on the false stem. In the late growth stage of the ragged bud, due to the low temperature, the growth of the aboveground part is slow, the nutrient accumulation in the underground part is more, forming a shape of large at the bottom and small at the top, and there are many roots. Guangxi is used to leaving winter rag buds as new garden seedlings. This kind of seedling grows roots first and leaves later after colonization. It grows fast and the results are early and stable.
Large leaf bud
Big leaf bud refers to the sucking bud growing from the bud eye close to the ground, or the bud from the weak mother plant, or the bud germinating from the old banana head. The bud body is slender and the underground bulb is also small. When it first comes out, it is a large leaf with round and wide leaves. Therefore, it is called a large leaf bud. It is not selected to be kept as a mother plant for continuous fruit bearing, and it is rarely used as a seedling. If it is used as a seedling, it will have a late fruit bearing period and small fruit clusters. In order to avoid damaging the mother plant and the underground stem of the bud, experienced fruit farmers first dig the soil outside the bud into a concave semicircle, and then push it away from the depression with their feet on the side close to the mother plant. The bud can be separated from the head of the mother plant. It is better to cut off the joint between the bud and the mother plant with the help of a sharp knife. Try not to hurt the underground stem of the mother plant, and then pull up the sprout connector to colonize.
Rhizome cutting propagation
In order to cultivate a large number of buds and seedlings in a short time, the underground stem can be cut into pieces for reproduction. The method is: dig out the underground stem, cut off the central main bud, and then cut into small pieces, each of which must weigh at least 120g. The large underground stem can be cut into 8 pieces, and the small one can be cut into 2 pieces. Each piece has a thick bud eye, and the cut is coated with plant ash for corrosion prevention. According to the experiment of Longxi Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Fujian Province, the germination rate of underground stems of plants without flowering and fruiting is only 15%, and the growth and yield of cultivated buds and seedlings are no worse than sword leaf buds. The best cutting time is from November to January of the next year. Most of them can germinate. From May to June, the seedlings can be transplanted with a height of 40-50cm, and bloom and bear fruit at the same time as bud suction planting. During seedling raising, the cut pieces can be evenly placed on the border according to the plant row spacing of 15cm, with the buds facing upward, and then covered with soil and grass. After the buds are unearthed, dilute urine water shall be applied, and then fertilizer shall be applied once every half a month for a total of 4-5 times. After 6-8 months of management, the seedling height is more than 1.2m, which can be dug up and planted.
Banana planting
Pest control:
Banana bunchy top disease
Disease characteristics: Banana bunchy top disease is commonly known as banana male, shrimp banana and onion banana. It is a serious worldwide viral disease. It occurs in all banana areas in China, especially in the old banana area. The typical disease of banana bunchy top disease is that the new leaves are smaller and smaller and become bunches, so it is called bunchy top disease. In the later stage of onset, the plants shrink. The diseased leaves are upright, narrow, hard, brittle and easy to break, the leaf edges lose green obviously, and then become dry and scorched. Dark green stripes appear at the base of petiole or middle rib, commonly known as "green tendon", which is the main feature to distinguish clumps of leaves caused by other reasons. The disease usually grows slowly, dwarfs, and does not bud. The banana buds extracted from the plants that developed disease only during bud extraction have abnormal and small fruits, no sweetness and no economic value. The root tip of the diseased plant turns purple and dull, most of the root systems rot or turn purple, no new roots, and the diseased plant finally dies.
Pathogenesis: the pathogen of banana bunchy top disease is banana bunchy top virus, which is an equal diameter virus with a diameter of 18 nm. The virus is mainly transmitted by banana cross vein aphids. Banana bunchy top disease can occur in all growth stages of banana, and generally the peak period is from March to May. The degree of damage depends on the number of diseased plants in the banana garden and the density and occurrence of banana aphids. When the cold damage is serious in the winter of the previous year, it is more serious from March to May of the next year. In addition, banana disease is more common, and plantain, pink banana and Longya banana disease is less.
Prevention methods:
(1) Select ventilated gardens, adopt reasonable planting methods and density, and strengthen fertilizer and water management. Vegetables that are easy to cause aphid breeding among different species can improve the disease resistance of plants.
(2) Disease free tissue culture seedlings were used as seedlings. Measures for aphid control during banana seedling planting
(3) Spraying pesticide to kill aphids, especially in September April and September November, we should strengthen the control of aphids.
(4) Timely remove the diseased plants and cut off the transmission source. The diseased plants with aphids shall be sprayed to kill the aphids, then the diseased plants shall be excavated, the diseased hole soil shall be removed and dried, filled with new soil, 50-100g carbofuran shall be added, and then new seedlings shall be replanted.
(5) the high incidence of banana fields is best done with rice paddy fields rotation, which can reduce the incidence rate of bunchy top disease in the next year.
panama disease
Symptoms: the lower old leaf margin of the diseased banana plant first turns yellow, gradually expands to the middle rib, the petiole softens, bends and droops, and finally withers, and the upper young leaves also turn yellow, which finally leads to the withering and death of the whole banana plant. Sometimes the leaf sheath around the pseudostem of the diseased plant cracks longitudinally from the base. The browning of vascular bundles can be found by longitudinal cutting the pseudostems or tubers of diseased plants. In the late stage of disease, the yellowish brown vascular bundles run up and down in long strips. Sometimes, the pathogen will invade the bud from the tuber of the mother plant through the part connected with the bud.
Pathogenesis: yellow leaf disease is a fungal disease. Its pathogen is Fusarium oxysporum and its variants. The pathogen can produce large conidia, small conidia and thick membrane spores in the diseased plant tissue, but it mainly survives in thick membrane spores in the soil, and its survival period can last for several years. Generally speaking, the disease can be promoted in acidic sandy land, poor drainage and root injury. The pathogen of the disease has four physiological races. The person who causes yellow leaf disease of Taiwan banana (North banana and immortal banana) is the fourth physiological race, and the person who causes yellow leaf disease of Luzon banana (banana) is the first physiological race. The incubation period of pathogens from infection to external diseases can be as long as 5 ~ 6 months. The planting period of banana plantations in the south of the province is from March to May. Therefore, external diseases generally begin to appear after October every year. The disease is a soil sexually transmitted disease. The pathogen can be transmitted through diseased seedlings, diseased soil and running water. Sometimes, the pathogen will invade the buds from the mother plant tubers through the connecting parts of the buds. The pathogen can survive in the soil for many years as thick film spores, and can also survive in the roots of weeds such as sedge and aconite.
Prevention methods:
(1) Plant disease resistant varieties in gardens with mild to moderate yellow leaf disease. Banana plantations with deep and fertile soil and good drainage are preferred. Poor drainage and sandy acid soil are not suitable for planting.
(2) banana plantations with a incidence rate exceeding 10% should be transferred to other crops. If you want to plant bananas in a diseased garden that has been abandoned or converted to rice for more than 2 years, banana seedlings should be taken from a disease-free area. Disease garden and dry rotation are the best.
(3) banana plantations with a incidence rate below 10%, should be treated with banana plants when planting banana. The strain was herbicide in the pressure sprayer barrel, and the spray head was fitted with an injection needle, injecting 5 holes into each plant. A week later, the leaves of the diseased plant dry rapidly, and two months later, the leaves and pseudostems dry completely, which can be burned by fire. Some tuber tissues left in the diseased acupoints have not yet rotted. They can also be dug up and chopped up and burned together with false stems.
(4) At present, there is no specific prevention and treatment drug for the pathogen. At present, most of the drugs used to control fungal diseases and Fusarium, such as hibonk, nongtusi, mycorrhizal elimination and resurrection No. 1, have good effects.
Banana planting
Banana gray streak
Disease characteristics: Banana gray spot, also known as banana dark bispora leaf spot, occurs in banana producing areas in China. The disease mainly occurs in leaves and leaf sheaths. The leaf margin is oval or irregular brown, starting from the damaged leaf margin. The new lesion is in the shape of water stains around, and then gradually expands into an oval spot with light brown in the center, round lines and dark brown edges, and there is an obvious orange halo on the outer edge of the spot. Gray brown molds often grow on the diseased part of the leaf back. When the pathogen invades along the stomata of the leaf edge, the disease spots with water stains, dark brown, semicircular or oval and different sizes appear on the leaf edge at the initial stage, and the combination along the leaf edge at the later stage is a brown and wavy ring necrosis zone parallel to the middle vein of the leaf. After autumn, the disease spots change from brown to gray white and brittle.
Pathogenesis: the pathogen is Agaricus banana. The conidia stem of the fungus is brown and separated. The initial infection source is the remains of diseased plants, which begins to occur in spring, and the disease is in full bloom in hot and rainy summer. Conidia spread with wind and rain, invaded from leaf margin stomata, and expanded rapidly to midvein after the occurrence of the disease in rainy season. The disease is aggravated in places with serious air pollution (such as smoke, dust, S02, etc.). It is not easy to get sick in dry season. Banana is more susceptible to disease than plantain and pink banana, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied