Stephen Hawking died at the age of 76, Sky News and other media reported on March 14. As one of the most famous physicists in the world, Hawking has put forward many very constructive topics in the exploration of cosmology and black holes. We will always remember this great scientist. So what are Hawking's main achievements?
Hawking's children said in a statement: 'he is a great scientist & hellip; and the impact of his work and legacy will last for many years. They praised his' courage and persistence 'and said his' talent and humor' inspired people all over the world. "We will always miss him," they said. According to AFP, Hawking's children said in a statement: 'we are deeply saddened by the death of our beloved father.
Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. He is a famous physicist at Cambridge University, one of the greatest physicists in modern times, and one of the great men in the 20th century with international reputation.
Hawking suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 21. He was paralyzed, unable to speak, and had only three fingers in his hand. From 1979 to 2009, he was professor of mathematics at Lucas. His main research fields are cosmology and black holes. He proved the singularity theorem and black hole area theorem of general relativity, proposed the evaporation theory of black holes and the boundless Hawking universe model, and made an important step in unifying the two basic theories of Physics in the 20th century: Relativity founded by Einstein and quantum mechanics founded by Planck 。 He was awarded ch, CBE, FRS and FRSA.
Stephen Hawking is the guest star in the 21st episode of the fifth season of the hit American drama "Big Bang" on April 6, 2012. In 2017, the documentary "exploring the new earth" was recorded for BBC. Physicist Stephen Hawking said on November 6 that technology is expected to reverse some of the harm of industrialization to the earth and help eliminate disease and poverty, but artificial intelligence needs to be controlled.
In November 2017, Hawking predicted that energy consumption would increase in 2600 years, and the earth might become a 'fireball'.
What are Hawking's personal achievements?
Stephen & Middleton; William & Middleton; Hawking's research laid the foundation for today's understanding of black holes and the origin of the universe, but according to him, his performances in the animated series The Simpsons and the science fiction series Star Trek: the next generation are equally brilliant.
In the great design, Hawking emphasized that the universe does not need a creator or 'God' to start with 'philosophy is dead', which means that human beings will be detached from the stupid self enslavement. He denied that pure philosophy and religion can really explain nature, which also shows that the major religions are only the ancient spiritual world to explore the unknown and pursue the system of eternal liberation, rather than the objective truth. With the progress of the times, human civilization should also catch up, unwilling to lag behind, which is why generations of people of insight pursue the significance of existence, life and the universe. It should be the task of philosophers to solve these problems, but the high development of science makes philosophy unable to keep up with it. That's what Hawking said at the beginning of big design: 'philosophy is dead'.
Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe. In the 1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes. In the next 30 years, it has become more difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking wants to find a set of theories that can perfectly explain the whole universe phenomenon to explain the universe from the birth of 13.7 billion years to the present, but he still hasn't come to a conclusion even after years of infinite proximity. According to his quantum mechanics theory, the birth of the universe is the result of the big bang, which is a compressed infinitesimal matter with super gravity (also known as the infinite density) explosion. The theoretical category of quantum mechanics can't explain how this process works? Why? Hawking said 'there must be a theory that can describe small-scale gravity'.
The latest scientific breakthrough is the superstring theory that Hawking's colleague Michael Green of Queen Mary's College in London participated in the construction, which is called 'string theory' for short. This theory points out that all particles and natural forces, in fact, are tiny objects like strings in vibration, solving the gravity problem Hawking has been trying to solve. This theory must be based on the universe must be There must be 9, 10 or even more than 11 dimensions, and the three-dimensional world in which human beings live may only be one of the real membranes of the universe & hellip; & hellip;
A large number of scientists from all over the world are doing experiments in space and earth to prove string theory and experiments to support Hawking's black hole theory and quantum theory. On January 24, 2014, Professor Stephen Hawking, a famous British scientist, shocked the physics circle again with his theory related to black holes. In a paper published recently, he admitted that 'black holes do not exist', but 'grey holes' do exist. In this paper entitled "information preservation and weather forecasting for black holes", Hawking pointed out that "black holes do not exist" because the boundary of black holes can not be found. This is to solve the problem of "firewall" and set "black holes do not exist" in the new theory, which is not true. The boundary of a black hole is also called the "Horizon". According to the classical black hole theory, the matter and radiation outside the black hole can enter the interior of the black hole through the horizon, and no matter and radiation inside the black hole can cross the horizon.
Hawking's latest "grey hole" theory holds that matter and energy will be released into the universe again after being trapped by black holes for some time. In his paper, he admitted that his original understanding of the horizon was flawed, and that light could actually cross the horizon. When light escapes from the black hole's core, it moves like a human running on a treadmill, slowly contracting by radiating outward. According to the classical black hole theory, no matter and radiation can escape from the black hole, while quantum mechanics theory shows that energy and information can escape from the black hole. Hawking also pointed out that the explanation of this escape process needs a theory that can successfully integrate gravity and other basic forces. In the past 100 years, no one in physics has tried to explain this process.
Some scientists agree with Hawking's "grey hole" theory, while others are skeptical. Joseph Polchinski, a theoretical physicist at the Kavli Institute of theoretical physics, pointed out that according to Einstein's theory of gravity, the boundary of a black hole exists, but the difference between it and other parts of the universe is not obvious. In fact, as early as 2004 Hawking made a similar statement. On July 21 of that year, Hawking pointed out at the 17th International Congress of general relativity and gravitation that black holes do not "completely devour" everything around them as he and most other physicists thought before. In fact, some information drawn into the matter deep in black holes may be released at some time.
In 1973, Hawking claimed that he had come to the conclusion through calculation that the black hole in the formation process of its mass reduction, but also in the form of energy in the form of external radiation. This is known as Hawking's radiation theory. The black hole radiation mentioned in this theory does not include any information about the matter inside the black hole. Once the black hole condenses and evaporates, all the information in it will disappear. This is the so-called "black hole paradox". This view contradicts with the related theories of quantum mechanics. Because modern quantum physics believes that this kind of material information will never disappear completely.
For more than 30 years, Hawking has tried to explain this contradictory view with various speculations. Hawking once said that quantum motion in black holes is a special case, because the gravity in black holes is very strong, quantum mechanics is no longer applicable at this time. Hawking's claim did not convince many skeptics in the scientific community. Now it seems that Hawking has finally given a more convincing answer to this contradictory point of view. Hawking said that black holes never completely shut down themselves -- Hawking radiation. They gradually radiate more and more heat to the outside world over a long period of time, and then black holes will finally open themselves and release the material information contained in them.
On August 16, 2016, Jeff Steinhauer, a professor at the Israel Institute of technology in Haifa, proved the quantum effect of Hawking radiation in a paper published in the Journal of natural physics. He created a sound black hole instead of a light black hole, using a long tube with a sound particle, the phonon 'horizon'. In 2014, Professor Steinhauer found that phonons were randomly generated in the horizon. In his latest results, Steinhauer proved that these phonons are one of a pair of correlated phonons, thus proving the quantum effect of Hawking radiation.