4hw.com.cn: with the development of science and the progress of medicine, people pay more and more attention to the body. The examination is very frequent. Many men are curious about the items of Andrology examination. So what are the examination items of Andrology? What are the examination items of Andrology? Let's have a look at them together!
Examination items of Andrology
（1） Medical history collection
Asking medical history is the first step and the most basic examination step in the diagnosis of andrology.
1. Past history
Understand the past disease, injury and operation history in detail as much as possible.
2. Personal history
Whether there is occupational history of toxicant, radiation exposure and high temperature operation; whether there is long-term medication history, including cancer chemotherapy drugs, hormone drugs; whether there is exposure to damage dose radiation and harmful chemicals, nicotine chronic poisoning, etc.
3. Marriage and sexual life history
Marriage age, birth status, contraceptive use or not, spouse age, occupation and birth history, sexual life history.
4. Family history
The health and fertility of parents, brothers and sisters, whether there are hereditary diseases and diseases possibly related to heredity. The patients with hereditary diseases often have oligozoospermia or azoospermia.
5. History of reproductive and urinary diseases
Have inflammatory or obstructive urinary tract symptoms.
（2） Physical examination
Physical examination includes general examination and reproductive organ examination.
1. General examination
Measure height, ratio of height to arm length and weight. Pay attention to body posture, hair distribution, visual field, smell, thyroid gland, laryngeal node, male breast development, as well as blood pressure and cardiopulmonary conditions.
2. Examination of reproductive organs
To observe the distribution of pubic hair, whether the prepuce is too long or phimosis, whether the penis head is red, swollen or erosive, whether the urethra is difficult to urinate, whether the fistula hole, hypospadias, whether the urethra mouth is secretive, narrow or ectopic, whether the cavernous body of the penis has mass, induration, the length of the penis, whether it can erect, whether it can be hard to erect; whether it has scrotal malformation, dysplasia, whether it has edema, ulcer, sinus, necrosis and tumor; The location, size and soft hardness of testis and epididymis, whether there is swelling, tenderness, adhesion or nodular scleroma, whether there is cryptorchidism; whether there is thickening of spermatic cord and vas deferens, whether there is nodule or tenderness, whether there is varicocele; whether there is ulcer, scar and swollen lymph nodes in groin; The rectum refers to the prostate gland and seminal vesicle, paying attention to the size, hardness, tenderness and tenderness of the prostate gland, the smoothness of the surface, the symmetry of the bilateral lobes of the nodule and the presence of the central sulcus.
（3） Laboratory inspection and other auxiliary inspection
Laboratory examination includes general laboratory examination, semen examination, endocrine function examination, cytogenetic examination, bacteriological examination of reproductive tract secretion, biopsy examination, etc. X-ray examination, ultrasonography (transrectal ultrasonography if necessary), radionuclide examination and infrared thermography are commonly used in special examination.
1. Blood routine examination
Red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin and platelet count.
2. Routine urine examination
Most of the abnormalities of urine routine are the first indication of kidney or urinary tract diseases. There are a large number of leucocytes in routine urine, indicating urinary tract infection, or stone, tuberculosis, etc.; there are more than three erythrocytes in routine urine, indicating urinary tract inflammation, stone, tumor, nephritis, etc.; the abnormality of urinary protein is the sign of nephritis and nephrotic syndrome.
3. Examination of prostatic fluid
The examination of prostatic fluid (EPS) is mainly used for the diagnosis of prostatitis. Its methods include direct smear, bacterial culture, exfoliated cells and immunological examination.
4. Semen routine and biochemical examination
Semen analysis can reflect spermatogenesis and gonadal function of testis.
5. Secretory function test
The male reproductive endocrine activity is regulated by the hypothalamus pituitary testis reproductive axis system. The determination of serum reproductive hormone level is of great value to judge the functional status of gonadal axis and the location and qualitative of clinical diagnosis.
6. Testicular biopsy
Testicular biopsies can not only evaluate testicular spermatogenesis function and the degree of spermatogenesis disturbance, differentiate the cause of infertility, diagnose testicular pruritus and judge the prognosis, but also evaluate the effect of male anti fertility and the mechanism of anti fertility.
7. Ultrasonic diagnosis
Ultrasound can display the sectional image of male reproductive organs in real time, diagnose hyperplasia, calculus, cyst, inflammation and tumor of tissues, and detect the damage and hemorrhage of reproductive system tissues.
8. Imaging examination
The X-ray image of male reproductive system can observe the changes of the disease of male reproductive system itself and its secondary organs. CT examination is mainly for prostate and testicular tumors.
9. Uroflowmetry
For the suspected patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction, assist to detect whether the urination function of the patients is abnormal.
Of course, not all andrology diseases are examined in a unified way. According to different diseases, the examination items are also different. General andrology examination includes: sexual dysfunction, prostate disease, genitourinary infection, infertility, according to different diseases, the examination items are also different.
1. Prostate disease
Prostate disease is a common disease of adult men, usually refers to prostatitis, prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. It is mainly divided into three diseases: prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer; its routine examination includes: blood routine, urine routine, prostate routine, blood sugar, blood coagulation, prostate color ultrasound.
2. Genitourinary infection
Genitourinary infection is mainly concentrated in adult men, especially those who have unclean sexual life or do not pay attention to health. The common symptoms are: orchitis, urethritis, cystitis, balanitis, etc; Its routine examination items include: routine examination of blood, urine, prostate and secretion, mycoplasma, chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, human sarcomavirus, herpes simplex virus, and finally syphilis and mould. Because genitourinary infection is more complex, the examination items are more complicated than other male examinations.
3. Sexual dysfunction
The most common male sexual dysfunction is priapism and ejaculation. The examination of sexual dysfunction includes blood routine examination, urine routine examination, semen routine examination, blood glucose examination, blood coagulation examination, color Doppler ultrasound examination, penile blood flow examination and penile nerve sensitivity examination.
4. Sterility
Male infertility is much easier to check than other andrology. Only semen and urine color ultrasound are needed.