Immediately, it is the anniversary of the September 18th Incident. This year is the 88th anniversary of the September 18th Incident. It is a painful day. Even after 88 years of historical precipitation and time erosion, it can not erase the scars of our country and nation. Don't forget September 18, don't forget national humiliation. The constant ringing of the alarm bell is the cry from the heart of every Chinese. This article brings you the experience and brief information of the September 18th Incident. Let's understand history and remember history together.
The September 18th Incident (also known as the Fengtian incident and the wicker Lake incident) was a war of aggression deliberately created and launched by Japan in Northeast China. It was the beginning of the Japanese imperialist aggression against China.
On the night of September 18, 1931, under the arrangement of the Japanese Kwantung Army, the railway 'garrison' blew up the track of the South Manchuria Railway near Liutiao Lake in Shenyang (built by Tsarist Russia and later occupied by Japan), and planted the blame on the Chinese army. On this pretext, the Japanese army shelled Beidaying in Shenyang for the "September 18th Incident.". The next day, the Japanese army occupied Shenyang and successively occupied the three northeastern provinces. In February 1932, the whole northeast was occupied. Since then, Japan established a puppet regime of the puppet Manchukuo in Northeast China and began 14 years of slavery and colonial rule over the people of Northeast China.
The "September 18th Incident" was the inevitable result of Japanese imperialism's long-term policy of aggression and expansion against China. It was also an important step taken in an attempt to turn China into its exclusive colony. It also marked the beginning of the world anti fascist war and opened the prelude to the eastern battlefield of World War II.
The course of the September 18th Incident
The war began
On the evening of September 18, 1931, the 3rd company of the 2nd Battalion of the Hushitai independent garrison of the Japanese Kwantung Army left the original Hushitai barracks and headed south along the Nanman railway. At about 22:20 p.m., a small team headed by lieutenant kawamoto Matsu, leader of the Liutiao Lake detachment of the railway garrison of the Japanese Kwantung Army, detonated small explosives on the Liutiao Hunan Manchu railway section about 7.5 kilometers north of Fengtian (now Shenyang) and 800 meters away from the Northeast Army's Beidaying station, blowing up a small section of the railway, Three Chinese corpses dressed as soldiers of the Northeast Army were put on the scene as evidence of the Northeast Army's destruction of the railway. They falsely accused the Chinese army of damaging the railway and attacking the Japanese defense teams. This incident was called "nine & middot"; The 18th Incident. At that time, Northeast China was called Manchuria, so Japan called the incident the "Manchuria incident".
At the same time of the explosion, the commander of the Kawashima squadron in civilian Tun, four kilometers north of the railway blasting point, led his troops South and began to attack Beidaying; After the explosion, the Japanese troops stationed in Beidaying and Shenyang were divided into North and south to attack Beidaying.
be utterly routed
On the night of the incident on September 18, 1931, lieutenant general Rong Zhen, chief of staff of the commander's office of the northeast border defense army, ordered the Northeast Army to "no resistance, no movement, put the gun in the warehouse, die, everyone become benevolent and sacrifice for the country" according to the order of Zhang Xueliang. The next day, on September 19, 1931, Zhang Xueliang said again when talking to the reporter of Tianjin Ta Kung Pao at Peking Union Medical College Hospital: 'I ordered our soldiers to provoke the Japanese soldiers and not resist. Therefore, our army in Beidaying ordered to collect ordnance and store it in the warehouse. ". Due to the execution of Zhang Xueliang's order of no resistance, 8000 defenders in Beidaying were defeated by only about 300 Japanese troops.
While the Japanese Independent garrison attacked the North Camp, the 29th regiment of the third brigade of the second division of the Kanto army attacked Fengtian city. By 10:00 on September 19, the Japanese army successively occupied 18 towns along the Nanman railway and Anfeng railway, such as Fengtian, Siping, Yingkou, Phoenix and Anton. The Northeast Army in Changchun fought back spontaneously. The next day, Changchun fell. On September 21, 1931, the main force of the second division of the Japanese army occupied Jilin. On October 1, 1931, Zhang Haipeng, the garrison envoy of Taonan Town, Heilongjiang Province, of the Northeast Army, surrendered to the enemy and sent three regiments to attack Qiqihar under the order of the Japanese army. On October 26, 1931, the 29th regiment of the second division of the Kanto army occupied the main towns along the Sitao railway. On November 4, 1931, the Nenjiang detachment of the Kwantung Army attacked the northern garrison of the Nenjiang bridge. On November 19, 1931, the Japanese army captured Qiqihar.
Jinzhou evacuation
After the outbreak of the incident, Zhang Xueliang left Fengtian and transferred to Jinzhou with his subordinates. On October 8, 1931, the Kanto army sent 12 bombers to air raid Jinzhou. In this regard, nanjiro's minister of the army still claimed to yoshijiro that "due to the air defense artillery attack of the Chinese army, he had to take self-defense action". After that, the Kwantung Army issued a public statement declaring that "Zhang Xueliang has gathered a large number of troops in Jinzhou. If ignored, it may damage Japan's rights and interests. In order to solve the Manchu Mongolian problem as soon as possible, it is necessary for the Kwantung Army to expel the Jinzhou regime. " Since then, the international coordinating foreign policy advocated by Kihara has suffered a serious setback, and Japan has become more and more tough.
After the fall of Hei Province, the Nanjing government was aware that the Japanese army would invade Jinzhou and urgently ordered Shi Zhaoji, China's representative to the League of nations, to put forward a proposal to designate Jinzhou as a neutral zone to the League of nations on November 25, 1931. On December 2, the Kuomintang government informed the envoys of Britain, France and the United States that it agreed to withdraw its troops from Jinzhou and Shanhaiguan, but on one condition, that is, Japan should provide a guarantee to the satisfaction of France, Britain and the United States, that is, to require the three countries to ensure the security of the neutral zone. With the statement of the Nanjing government, Zhang Xueliang couldn't wait to negotiate directly with the counselor of the Japanese Embassy in Peiping on the matter. However, this negotiation was not only opposed by Nanjing, but also failed to obtain conditions for compromise from Japan. Japan insisted that the Northeast Army must withdraw from Jinzhou.
After the Jinzhou neutrality case was exposed, it was opposed by people from all walks of life and students. On December 4, 1931, the Ministry of foreign affairs of the national government was forced to send an urgent telegram to Shi Zhaoji to renounce the filing of the case. At the same time, he also said that if the Japanese army attacked Jinzhou, China would exercise self-defense. KMT Central Political Committee
The Council has also made a resolution on this, emphasizing that "if the Japanese attack, they should actively resist".
However, there are obvious differences between the Nanjing government and Zhang Xueliang on whether to resist. Zhang is obviously inclined to a peaceful solution and loves the "Jinzhou neutrality" scheme. On November 29, 1931, Zhang Xueliang sent a secret telegram to Chiang Kai Shek, saying that "only personally (referring to the filing of the case) also agreed" and began secretly arranging the automatic withdrawal of troops from the front line of Jinzhou while negotiating with Japanese representatives. This has caused serious unease among the Nanjing government. Gu Weijun tried his best to dissuade him in a telegram on December 3, 1931: "brother (referring to Zhang Xueliang) plans to automatically withdraw the garrison in Jinzhou, please wait for a while."; Later, on December 5, 1931, Gu Weijun and Song Ziwen jointly called Zhang Xueliang: "now, if Japanese people enter Jinzhou, my brother plans for the country and for my brother's personal plan, he can eliminate difficulties and expect to be able to defend." Chiang Kai Shek also called Zhang Xueliang on December 8, 1931: "Jinzhou army should not retreat at this time." However, Zhang Xueliang called the command of the second army on December 21: "when Japan recently attacked Jinzhou, our troops stationed outside the pass should be on guard, but if the current government's policy is not fixed, it is natural not to use Jinzhou troops for defense, so they withdraw to the pass", "the troops are stationed in Qian'an, Yongping, Luanhe and Changli". On December 25 and 26, 1931, Zhang Xueliang called the national government, saying that "as soon as the Jin war opens, the overall situation in North China will be affected at the same time". At that time, Japan "threatens our rear area with the Navy, disturbs Pingjin and makes it difficult for me to care about both the head and the tail". Not only can Jinzhou not be guarded, but also the territory of North China. Therefore, despite his advice, Zhang Xueliang decided to retreat from Jinzhou.
The spread of war
At the same time, on December 15, 1931, the Kwantung Army had begun to attack Jinzhou. On December 7, the Central Department of the Japanese army sent an additional mixed 8th brigade from Japan, and transferred the headquarters of the 20th division and the mixed 38th brigade from North Korea to heavily bomb the flight squadron to reinforce the Kwantung Army. On December 28, the main force of the second division crossed the Liaohe River to attack Jinzhou; On December 30, the 39th mixed brigade attacked Dahu mountain (now Dahu mountain).
When the Japanese attacked Jinzhou, the national government repeatedly ordered Zhang Xueliang to resist. On December 25, 1931, it ordered him to "actively plan self-defense to consolidate Xinjiang", and Zhang did not comply with the order; After Zhang Xueliang's troops began to withdraw from Jinzhou, on December 30, the national government urgently ordered them to "actively resist anyway", but it was useless. On January 3, 1932, the headquarters of the 20th division led the 38th brigade to occupy Jinzhou. At this time, the 12th and 20th brigades of the Northeast Army and the 3rd Brigade of the cavalry stationed in Jinzhou had been ordered by Zhang Xueliang to retreat to luandong area and Rehe, Hebei Province. Under Zhang Xueliang's repeated non resistance, the Japanese army occupied Jinzhou without blood.
On January 28, 1932, the third brigade of the Kanto army marched from Changchun to Harbin, and the second division was transferred from western Liaoning for reinforcement. At that time, in order to divert the attention of the international community to Manchuria, Japan provoked an incident in the international city of Shanghai, which triggered a & middot; The February 8th incident. On January 31, 1932, Li Du, the garrison envoy of Yilan town and commander of the 24th brigade, led the Jilin self defense army to defend Harbin. After five days of fierce fighting, the self-defense army lost its armor and retreated to Bin County. On February 5, 1932, the Japanese occupied Harbin.
War outcome
Due to Zhang Xueliang's repeated adherence to the "no resistance policy", in less than half a year, 1 million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces was occupied by the Japanese army. Japan's large-scale aggression against the three northeastern provinces strongly shocked Chinese society. A mass Anti Japanese and national salvation movement soon rose in many cities and towns across the country.