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What is hada? What does hada mean? Introduction to the origin and types of hada

Hada is a silk fabric used as etiquette by the Mongolian and Tibetan people, which has been endowed with a lot of meanings. Hada is the most popular gift in Tibetan communication, and it is also a necessary product in social activities. So do you know what hada means? Let's have a look

Hada (Tibetan: ཁ ་ བ ཏ ག ས ་, Mongolian: хадаг , Zongka language: ད ར ་, Hanyu Pinyin: H ǎ D & Aacute;) is a silk fabric used as etiquette by the Mongolian and Tibetan people, and it is a necessary product in social activities. Long silk scarves or gauze scarves used to show respect and congratulations are mostly white, blue, yellow, etc. In addition, there are colorful hADAS in blue, white, yellow, green and red. Blue represents the blue sky, white is white clouds, green is rivers, red is the God of space Dharma, and yellow symbolizes the earth. Colorful hADAS are used as colored arrows for Bodhisattvas and close relatives. They are the most precious gifts. Buddhist doctrine explains that colorful hada is the clothing of Bodhisattva. Therefore, colorful hada is only used under specific circumstances. The Tibetan word "ha" means "mouth" and "Da" means "horse". The word "Ha Da" translates directly: a horse in the mouth, that is, this gift is equivalent to the value of a horse. Because when ordinary people meet, they can't bring horses anywhere; But we can't just say by mouth and replace a horse with the 'hada' of this silk fabric. Hada is the most popular gift for Tibetan people of any class. Hada is similar to the ritual silk of the ancient Han nationality. Tibetan culture is popular in Nepal, Bhutan and Buryat, Russia.

1. Hada production

Hada is a kind of raw silk fabric, which is made of damask, silk and silk. Now many hada in people's life are made of woolen materials, but they are thin and transparent, with colors such as white, yellow and blue. It is woven with eight auspicious phases, lotus, Ruyi, auspicious clouds and other patterns. Hada is different in length, three or five feet short and one or two feet long. In the local chronicles Mongolia & middot; Volume II, it is said that the so-called hada is also silk. It is made of silk, white, blue and different in length, about one foot five inches or one foot two inches long. There are drawn wires at both ends, about half an inch. Its length depends on the grade of the short-sighted recipient. People of Tibetan, Mongolian and other nationalities have the habit of offering hada in ceremonial activities such as saluting Buddha statues, visiting elders, greeting and sending, paying tribute and congratulation, weddings and funerals. Thus, the offering of hada represents people's respect for the Buddha and their respect and blessing to those who meet.

2. Origin of hada

The word 'hada' is close to Tibetan 'Kadar' in pronunciation, and Mongolian is called 'hadaga'. It is generally believed that hada was introduced into the Mongolian grassland after it was introduced into Tibet in the Yuan Dynasty. In 1247, King Ba Siba of Sakya followed his father Saban & middot; Gongga jianzan met Kuo Duan, the second son of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu Province), and lived in the court for several years. In 1260, Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, succeeded to the throne and granted Ba Siba as a national teacher to command Buddhism in the country. In 1265, Ba Siba returned to Sakya temple for the first time and presented hada to the Buddha statues and eminent monks in major temples. It is said that when Ba Siba presented hada to the Bodhisattva statue of Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, a Tara in the mural beside him also stretched out his hand and asked him for a hada. In this way, this Tara is called 'Zhuo matar Lian Ma', that is, 'Tara to hada'. Among the people, hada is also said to be a fairy's ribbon. Hadag, Mongolian pronunciation: Хадаг) It is a precious gift with national characteristics presented to distinguished guests by Chinese Tibetans today. Hada may have originated from the precious gift of ancient China - "silk" of "jade and silk". Documents record that Dayu succeeded in controlling the flood, and the world's princes held the jade and silk and attended all countries. In the jade and silk of the Central Plains, the word "jade" follows the king, which should refer to jade articles engraved with the royal symbol pattern "gluttonous grain", such as Cong and Huang, and the word "silk" follows Bai Cong towel means' Bai towel 'and also means' top silk scarf' (because the word "Bai" has the same pronunciation as the word "Bo", and the word "Bo" has the same pronunciation as the word "Bai", which means "brothers rank first", then silk also ranks first among many fiber fabrics such as silk, hemp, Pueraria and wool, so it has the meaning of "top silk scarf") The word "towel" in the word "silk" refers to rectangular cloth in Chinese. The original meaning of the word "jade and silk" is that "in the Chinese family with a common emperor as its parent (expressed in jade), princes all over the world respect each other as brothers (expressed in silk) It seems that the ancient "silk" is the same as the Tibetan hada in terms of color, material, shape and function. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the ultimate source of Tibetan hada may be the ancient "silk" (the history of Tibetans can be traced back to the Dayu era. Coincidentally, many Tibetans live in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, where Dayu was born.) There are many textual researches on the specific sources of hada. In the mid-16th century, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into Mongolia. Ordos accepted hada in the hands of Tibetan Buddhist monks as an indispensable item for daily etiquette and passed it on from generation to generation. According to the travels of Marco Polo Zai: "on New Year's day, in the provinces and kingdoms under the rule of the Great Khan, dignitaries with territory or jurisdiction all gave the Great Khan valuable gifts such as tribute gold and Galaxy gemstones, and they should be accompanied by white cloth, which means to wish his majesty a long life, abundant financial resources and endless enjoyment." it can be seen that offering hada means good luck. According to the analysis of some scholars, hada is one of the best It began to appear when Ba Siba first returned to Tibet. As we all know, Ba Siba is a very important historical great man in Tibetan history, especially in the history of the relationship between the central government and Tibet. He went to Xiliang (also known as Liangzhou, now Wuwei, Gansu Province) with his uncle Sakya ban Zhida & middot; gonggajianzan in 1244 Meet Kuo Duan, the second son of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty. After emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty ascended the throne, Ba Siba was honored as a national and imperial teacher. When he returned to Tibet for the first time in 1265, he presented hada to Bodhisattvas, Buddha statues, monks and secular officials. Hada is a kind of ceremonial goods. Offering hada is a traditional ritual festival of the Mongolian people. It is necessary to worship Buddha, sacrifice, weddings and funerals, new year's greetings, and show respect to elders and distinguished guests Use hada. In the form of nomadic economy, the ancient Mongols often carried milk food, milk wine or other dry food on their way out. When they met passers-by, whether they knew each other or not, they would take the initiative to talk, greet and exchange food with each other. Over time, it gradually developed into a set of barter customs. Later, there was the custom of exchanging snuff bottles and hada There are quite a lot of occasions to use hada. Weddings and funerals, welcome and send, thanks and so on can be used by hada. According to different uses, hada folding methods are also different. Generally speaking, there are visiting folding method and honorary folding method.

3. Hada type

There are generally three kinds of hADAS: the first-class nekuhada, the first-class ahihada and the second-class suxihada. AHI and suxihada are divided into the upper, middle and lower grades respectively. Some people regard the imitation of ahihada as a single kind, while others regard the lower grade of suxihada as soranghada (soda) As a separate kind, the so-called nekuhada is a special hada taken from the Royal nekuhada. This hada is wide, long and of good quality. The weave pattern on the edge of this hada is the pattern of the Great Wall, and the weave pattern on the surface is eight auspicious emblems and blessing words. Hadani Madele, that is, the hidden flower hada, is one. In the past, nekuhada could not be bought on the market. It is opposite to nekuhada It should be waikuhada, but later waikuhada was called suxihada.

4. Hada rules

In the past, there were certain rules, specifications and forms for the use of hada: on weekdays, officials at all levels had to use hada according to their own identity or name, and they could not deviate from the rules. Private and private use of hada should be casual, not so strict rules. Neiku hada was also used among relatives, friends and friends. There were also certain rules and forms for offering hada: according to the agreed rules There are certain rules and regulations for presenting to the superior, giving to the inferior, and giving to each other at the same level, as well as between the elders, peers and younger generations. When presenting to the superior, hada should be held with both hands or handed over through an agent; when giving hada to the lower level, hada is usually tied to the neck of the other party, and hada is held in the hands of the other party at the same level. According to different uses, hada's respectful offering The way of sending is also different. The action of offering 'hada' varies from person to person. Generally speaking, hold hada with both hands, hold it high at the shoulder level, and then stretch forward and bend over to the other party. At this time, hada is flat with the top of the head, which shows respect and best blessing for the other party - auspicious. The other party connects it with both hands in a respectful attitude. When offering hada to the venerable and elders, raise both hands Head and body lean forward slightly to hold hada in front of the seat or under their feet; for peers or subordinates, it can be tied to their necks.