Original title: what are China's ten metropolitan areas? The ranking of China's most potential metropolitan areas came. In February 2019, the guiding opinions on cultivating and developing modern metropolitan areas issued by the national development and Reform Commission pointed out that metropolitan areas are urbanization spatial forms within urban agglomerations centered on mega cities or large cities with strong radiation driving function and with one hour commuter circle as the basic scope. This is the first central document with the theme of "metropolitan area" in China, marking the official arrival of the era of metropolitan area.
At present, China has 10 metropolitan areas with more than 20 million people, such as Shanghai, Beijing, guangfozhao, Hangzhou and Shenzhen Guanhui, and 14 metropolitan areas with 10-20 million people, such as Chongqing, Qingdao and xiazhangquan. 24 ten million megalopolis gather about 33% of the permanent population with 6.7% of the national land, creating about 54% of GDP. Most of the metropolitan population is in continuous inflow.
In the Research Report "ranking of China's urban development potential: 2019" in April 2019, we pointed out that the Metropolitan Urban Agglomeration led by the central city is the main platform to support China's high-quality economic development and the focus of China's current and future development.
Among the top 100 cities with development potential in 2019, 96 are located in 19 urban agglomerations and 54 are located in 24 ten million megalopolis. This paper further classifies 24 ten million megalopolis, and analyzes the ten most potential megalopolis one by one. Similar to the ranking of urban development potential, the ranking of metropolitan area is not the ultimate conclusion, but reflects the trend over a period of time according to the current situation, and the ranking may change dynamically.
abstract
From urbanization to urban agglomeration, metropolitan area is the 'hard core' of urban agglomeration. The national new urbanization plan (2014-2020) establishes urban agglomerations as the main form of new urbanization and plans to build 19 urban agglomerations. However, at present, the development of most urban agglomerations in China is not mature, and the cultivation of metropolitan areas is the intermediate stage from urbanization to urban agglomerations. For example, Guangdong divides the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration into three metropolitan areas: guangfozhao, shenguanhui and zhuzhongjiang, promoting the integration process of the Pearl River Delta.
The construction of the metropolitan area takes the same city as the direction, and creates a 1-hour commuting circle, benefiting the small and medium-sized cities in the circle. The metropolitan area will promote complementary urban functions and misplaced industrial layout, and promote the co construction and sharing of public services and policy coordination.
Population and industry will continue to gather in the metropolitan area. The basic logic of population migration is that people go with industry and people go up. Population migration in developed countries generally goes through two stages: from urbanization to metropolitan agglomeration with big cities as the core.
The metropolitan areas of developed economies such as the United States, Japan and South Korea attract continuous population inflow until the economic population ratio drops to near 1 and maintains a dynamic balance. China's population and industry continue to gather in the metropolitan area, and the proportion of the population in the metropolitan area will continue to increase in the future. The population of China's 24 metropolitan areas with a population of more than 10 million continues to flow in on the whole, and the economic population ratio is still as high as 1.55 in 2018, indicating that it will continue to attract population inflow.
In 2019, the development potential of Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guanhui, Guangzhou, Foshan and Zhaoqing metropolitan areas will rank first, followed by Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Tianjin, Nanjing, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, Changzhutan and other metropolitan areas. The population growth of Shenzhen Guanhui and guangfozhao has led the country in recent years. The average annual increment of permanent population from 2015 to 2018 was as high as 610000 and 600000 respectively. The metropolitan areas such as Hangzhou, Chongqing, Chang Zhu Tan, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Wuhan and Chengdu have also increased significantly. Except Shanghai metropolitan area, they are mainly contributed by central cities.
The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing metropolitan area rank first in terms of economic scale and industrial innovation strength. With a GDP of 8.8 trillion yuan, Shanghai metropolitan area is the best in the world; Industrial innovation in Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen Dongguan Huizhou metropolitan area occupies an absolute advantage. The total number of a + H-share listed companies and invention patents account for 38% and 37% of the country respectively.
Classification of metropolitan area: the developed type optimizes the functional layout, the rising type strengthens the integration construction, and the starting type enhances the economic strength. According to the economic and industrial strength of the metropolitan area and the driving effect of the central city in the area on the surrounding cities, the 24 ten million level metropolitan areas are divided into developed type, rising type and starting type.
The overall economic level of the developed metropolitan area is leading, and the gap between the central city and some surrounding cities begins to narrow significantly. The overall economic strength of the rising metropolitan area is strong, but the development of the central city to the surrounding cities is still insufficient.
The overall economic strength of the start-up metropolitan area is not strong enough, and the economic ties between the central city and the surrounding cities are weak. Shanghai, Shenzhen Guanhui, guangfozhao, Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou, Nanjing and Hangzhou are developed, 15 metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Chang Zhu Tan and Chongqing are rising, and 3 metropolitan areas such as Harbin, Nanchang and Changji are starting.
No.1 Shanghai metropolitan area: the 'strong core' of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, radiating the surrounding metropolitan area. 1) The GDP of Shanghai metropolitan area reached 9.1 trillion yuan in 2018, which is higher than that of 9 cities in the Pearl River Delta. The industrial layout is basically optimized based on the idea of "R & D in Shanghai and production abroad".
2) from "one core, five circles and four belts" to Shanghai metropolitan area, it is to give full play to the role of Shanghai's central city, to create the "strong core" of the Yangtze River Delta city group, and to radiate the surrounding metropolitan area. The Shanghai metropolitan area pocketed most of Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou, Ningbo metropolitan area and Jiaxing and Huzhou in Hangzhou metropolitan area.
3) Shanghai metropolitan area has actively broken the barriers of administrative division and built a multi-level rail transit of "trunk line + intercity + city + urban rail", so as to lay a foundation for an integrated metropolitan area.
No. 2 Beijing metropolitan area: from single center to relieving non capital functions, the three northern counties are expected to be assigned to Beijing? 1) Ease the non capital function of Beijing, and change from the spread cake type single center radiation to the compact and intensive multi group pattern. The Beijing metropolitan area can be roughly divided into three layers of gradient radiation:
The first is the six districts of the central city, the second is the urban sub center and several new towns in the new urban development area, and the third is the ecological conservation area and the area around Beijing to the East and south of Beijing. 2) Beijing gathers sophisticated industries represented by scientific and technological innovation and modern service industry, but the problem of job housing balance is the most prominent in the country.
3) Lack of undertaking industries and low commuting efficiency in the area around Beijing need to make up for shortcomings. The three northern counties of Langfang and Tongzhou, the sub center of Beijing, have developed in an integrated manner and are under Beijing's jurisdiction. Rumors abound.
No. 3 Shenzhen Dongguan Huizhou metropolitan area: a paradise for young immigrants to start a business, and Shenzhen, a large economic city and a small land city, may merge with Dongguan? 1) With the rapid growth of population and economy in Shenzhen Dongguan Huizhou metropolitan area and the industrial echelon transfer of "front store and back factory", it is an entrepreneurial paradise for young immigrants.
2) The Shenzhen Dongguan Huizhou economic circle (3 + 2) mechanism promotes the integrated development of Shenzhen, Dongguan and Huizhou, and the integration of 'enclave economy' and rail transit improves the radiation driving capacity of Shenzhen. 3) Shenzhen is a city with a large economic population and a small land area. The area of the whole city is only 1997 square kilometers, which is 1 / 8, 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 of that of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou respectively. The possibility of solving the lack of development space through administrative division adjustment exists for a long time, but it is subject to the overall development situation of Guangdong Province.
No. 4 Guangfo Zhaozhou metropolitan area: Dawan district modern manufacturing center, Guangfo city. 1) Guangfo and Dongguan share the same economic aggregate, focusing on 'IAB (new generation information technology, artificial intelligence and biomedicine) + NEM (new energy and new materials)' innovative industries and advanced manufacturing industries respectively. Zhaoqing undertakes the industrial transfer of Guangfo.
2) From Guangfo city to Guangfo Zhaoqing economic circle, the integration of Zhaoqing and Guangfo will take time. Zhaoqing's GDP in 2018 was RMB 202.2 billion, 1 / 10 of that of Guangzhou; The per capita GDP is only 35% of that of Guangzhou and 42% of that of Foshan. 3) The same city of Guangfo has been basically realized, and the cost of living and industrial transfer have spawned a large number of cross city commuting needs. In July 2018, the number of cross city employees and residents in the four cities of Guangfo and Zhaoqing reached 744100, of which the cross city of Guangfo accounted for 60.6% of the total cross city scale of the four cities.
No.5 Nanjing metropolitan area: the economy is strong in the East and weak in the west, and the cities in eastern Anhui benefit. 1) The economy of Nanjing metropolitan area is strong in the East and weak in the West. Nanjing leads the three-level echelon of the industrial chain from high to low. Nanjing's GDP in 2018 was 1.3 trillion yuan; Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Huai'an and Wuhu are all between 300-600 billion yuan to build an advanced manufacturing center; Maanshan, Chuzhou and Xuancheng are all below 200 billion yuan, mainly undertaking industrial transfer in the East.
2) Nanjing metropolitan area is the first planned inter provincial metropolitan area in China. Cities in eastern Anhui benefit from the development of CO urbanization with Nanjing. Nanjing is closer to the four cities of Anhui in the metropolitan area than Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province. 3) The forward-looking layout of the rail transit system in Nanjing metropolitan area will build a comprehensive transportation hub demonstration area together with roads, airports and ports.
No. 6 Chengdu metropolitan area: it is a land of abundance that does not enter Sichuan. Chengdu has a high degree of population and economic agglomeration, low urbanization rate and large space in the surrounding areas. 1) Chengdu is still in the stage of becoming bigger and stronger and absorbing surrounding resources, with a high degree of population and economic agglomeration. In 2018, the resident population of Chengdu accounted for 61% of the five cities in the metropolitan area, and the GDP accounted for 75% in 2018. The number of a + H-share listed companies and invention patent authorization accounted for 94% and 93% respectively.
2) The four cities around Chengdu have low urbanization rate and large urbanization space, and are expected to develop in the same city as Chengdu in the future. The urbanization rate of Deyang, Meishan, Ziyang and Ya'an in 2017 was between 41% and 51%, far lower than the national average of 58.5%. The urbanization potential of the metropolitan area population is large. 3) The high-speed railway between Chengdu and the surrounding cities is accessible in half an hour to one hour. It is expected to form an inter city railway loop in the future, but the current traffic connectivity still needs to be improved.
No.7 Hangzhou metropolitan area: private economic paradise, Internet economic highland, westward expansion of hinterland. 1) The four cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Shaoxing in Hangzhou metropolitan area have developed private economy and take the lead in Internet economy. New members Quzhou and Huangshan are expected to undertake relevant industries.
2) There is not enough room for development in the east of Hangzhou metropolitan area, and the economic hinterland is expanded in the West. Faced with the squeeze of Shanghai metropolitan area and the competition of Nanjing metropolitan area, Hangzhou metropolitan area chose to move westward, Quzhou and Huangshan officially "entered the circle". Xuancheng, Shangrao and Jingdezhen are also candidate cities, of which Xuancheng has been included by Nanjing metropolitan area. 3) The four cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Hunan and Shaoxing have realized 'half an hour high-speed rail circle' and 'one hour traffic circle', and the high-speed rail will help Quzhou and Huangshan integrate into the metropolitan area.
No.8 Chongqing Metropolitan Area: an inland open highland, the population growth of the new area is close to that of the main urban area, and the industrial homogenization and innovation are insufficient. 1) Chongqing metropolitan area gathers 65% of the population in 35% of the area of Chongqing, creating 72% of GDP. The population and industrial agglomeration capacity of the main urban area and the new urban development area are strong. The average annual growth rate of permanent population in the new urban development area from 2011 to 2017 was 1.9%, close to 2.1% in the main urban area.
2) Chongqing metropolitan area is an inland open highland, and the short board is the lack of industrial homogeneity and innovation ability. There is homogeneous competition within Chongqing, Chengdu and Chongqing's high-end development platform system. 3) The level of rail transit interconnection in Chongqing metropolitan area needs to be improved. At present, the urban railway is far from meeting the commuting needs of the main urban area and the periphery.
No. 9 Wuhan metropolitan area: the 'circle' is narrower and more pragmatic, and the industrial chain extends outward. 1) From the '1 + 8' Wuhan city circle with a radius of 150 km to the Wuhan metropolitan area with a radius of 80 km, the planning of a smaller metropolitan area is more operable.
2) Wuhan's industrial chain extends to the surrounding cities along the development corridors of wuehuang, Wuxian, Wuxian and Hanxiao, so as to improve the functional layout and industrial system of the metropolitan area. 3) The construction of high-speed railway and Ezhou airport will strengthen the water, land and air transportation hub, and the intercity railway network will connect Wuhan metropolitan area.
No.10 Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan metropolitan area: the central region rises, the urban area is adjacent, and the 'half-hour traffic circle' is integrated and developed. 1) Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan have strong industrial complementarity and good momentum of industrial synergy. They are one of the important strategic fulcrums for the rise of central China.
Three cities