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A brief introduction to Guizhou folk customs

The Yi nationality in Guizhou is a nationality with a long history, which is said to be a branch of the ancient Qiang people. There are about 707400 Yi people in Guizhou, mainly distributed in Weining, Hezhang, Bijie, Dafang, Qianxi, Nayong, Zhijin, Jinsha and Liupanshui counties and cities in the West. Yi people have their own language and writing. Yi language belongs to the Yi language branch of Tibetan Burmese language family of Chinese Tibetan language family, and Yi language has played an important role in history. Most of the Yi people live on gentle hillsides or small basins in the mountains. Their villages are scattered and their residential forms are the same as those of the Han people. Yi People's clothing, men wear black narrow sleeve slant Lapel coat and multi pleated wide leg trousers. Women usually wrap their heads around their heads with a waistband and belt. Yi people believe in ghosts and gods and worship their ancestors. The main festivals include Torch Festival, harvest festival, mountain Festival and so on. The diet custom of Yi Nationality

The family eating custom is two meals a day, which has been followed for a long time and is also true today. In general, in Yi villages, people work early in the morning, stop work around 9 o'clock for their first meal, and finish eating around 10 o'clock. After a short rest, I went to work in the afternoon, and I had my second meal in the dark. In the busy and busy season, there should be a meal between meals, that is to say, when you go to the field, you can add food at any time. If you have help, you should also pay attention to the meal. You may have wine and meat, or you can have "duonama" (see later to comfort the workers). In the Yi District of Liangshan, the dining mode is to sit on the ground. When the meal is served, it is directly placed on the ground or on a low table, and the diners sit around to eat. Generally speaking, food customs are simple and casual.

During the Spring Festival, the Yi people always drink cattle and sheep, slaughter pigs and chickens, but they seldom move animals, unless they entertain guests. During the new year's festival, they also eat mound meat and Ciba, drink jar wine, water wine and wine tea. The Yi people in Guangxi have the custom of "tasting new rice" when they celebrate the Daba festival in early September. These are festive food customs. The etiquette and food custom of Yi people are hospitable. All the guests in the family should treat each other with wine first. The size of the banquet guests may be large or small, with the vertebra ox as the big ceremony, and the sheep, pig and chicken slaughter will take the second place. When beating animals, they should be brought to the guests to show their respect. In treating guests with cattle and sheep, they do not use knives. They are crushed or beaten to death with their hands. Therefore, they are called "beating animals". Their skills are extremely agile. They often peel their skins before they die. The seating order of banquet guests has a certain system. Generally, they eat around Guozhuang on the ground, and the guests are usually asked to sit at the top of Guozhuang, which is called "guaerguo"; the evaluation is accompanied by sitting at the right head of Guozhuang, which is called "Nimu"; helpers, women and relatives and friends sit at the bottom of Guozhuang, which is called "gajiguo" by Yi. When there are many guests, it will be postponed to the right side. The order of wine transportation is based on the Yi proverb "the cultivated land is from the bottom to the top, and the wine is served from the top to the bottom". After serving the wine to the distinguished guests, we should first serve the old people or elders, and then give them to the young people, so that everyone has a share. Culm wine

Yi people are fond of sour and spicy tastes, and are fond of wine. They have the etiquette of treating guests with wine. The "culm wine" made by Yi people or families with corn, sorghum and glutinous rice is famous in Southwest China. National wine utensils such as wine cups, in addition to all wooden, there are also Eagle claws for the cup foot, also useful sheep's horn, ox horn made of. Other ethnic utensils and daily necessities such as bowls, plates, spoons, spoons, cups, cans, bowls, pots, pipes, etc. are also made of wood. The inside and outside of the utensils are painted with colored paint. Generally, the bottom is black, and then painted in red and yellow. Turn wine to wine

Or beside Guozhuang, or in Luye, Caopo and riverside, Yi women sit on the ground in groups, drinking bowls of wine in turn from right to left. After drinking, they should wipe the edge of the bowl with their left hand as a gift, and then hand it to the people around them. One drink, no meat. It is the social communication mode of Yi People's society to communicate with wine. Pot paste milk cake

Guotie milk cake is a traditional famous dish of Yi people in Yunnan Province. The method is to cut the milk cake into pieces, smash the chicken and fat into minced mud, mix well, add egg white, green onion and ginger juice, monosodium glutamate, wet starch, and mix until bright into chicken paste. Then brush the egg white paste on the cake, collapse the chicken paste, spread it out, arrange the flowers with ham and cucumber skin and stick it on the chicken paste, then brush the egg white paste, steam the upper cage a little, and then fry it with peanut oil until it is done. This dish is beautiful in shape, yellow in color, delicious, soft and tender, especially with wine. Meat and meat

Traditional delicacies of Yi people in big and small Liangshan. Generally, they are made of mountain pigs, which are unique to Yi village, about 30 jin. It is often used to treat guests. It is generally believed that the immature piglets are holy. Only by treating guests in the street can they show their respect for guests. The method is to heat the hair, cut into pieces, and then put into the pot. As soon as it is cooked, it is picked up and mixed with seasonings, such as salt and pepper. In addition, the root or flower of "muku" is ground into powder, which tastes fresh and tender with unique flavor. Cattle, sheep and chickens can also be eaten in this way. Due to the high terrain and cold climate where Yi people live, most of the crops are buckwheat, oats, corn and potatoes. Therefore, buckwheat, corn and potatoes are the staple food. After the buckwheat is ground into flour, most of them are made into Baba, which are burned in the fire pond, roasted in an iron pan, or cooked. As early as 2000 years ago, Tujia ancestors in Western Hunan and Guizhou, gradually formed a single ethnic group, and lived together with Han and other ethnic minorities. Tujia people in Guizhou are distributed in Yinjiang and Yanhe counties. Tujia has its own language, belonging to the Tibetan Burmese language family. Most of them speak Chinese. They don't have their own language. They use Chinese. Tujia people live near mountains and rivers. They like to plant fruit trees, flowers and plants in front of their houses and behind their houses. Most of the natural villages have the same surname and clan, and one family lives in one house. There are stilted buildings and ordinary bungalow buildings with different styles. Tujia people's clothing is different between men and women. Women wear a long and fat coat with rolled lace. The clothes are long and fat. The sleeves are large and short. They have no collar. They wear a waistband with lace at the bottom of trousers. They wear pointed lace shoes on their feet. They like to wrap white headdress and wear silver ornaments. Men wear collared lapels and right lapels. Young people like to wear short lapels with many breasted buttons. They are made of green cloth pants, white cloth trousers with short legs and white or flower handkerchief on the head. Tujia people worship their ancestors and believe in ghosts and gods. The main festivals are Spring Festival, April 8, Dragon Boat Festival, June 6, Chongyang and other Zhuang costumes

Men's and women's clothes are still green and black. Men dress in general, but women's clothes are distinctive. In Libo and Dushan areas, Zhuang women's clothing is similar to that of the Zhuang people in neighboring Guangxi. Except for the blue bib and embroidered plain flower belt, there is no national symbol. Congjiang, Liping and other places Zhuang women's clothing is unique. Those in the Miao area are quite similar to Miao clothes. They usually wear narrow sleeves and big lapels, with lace on the right lapel, slant lapel and cuff. They wear pleated skirts, which are up to the upper part of the knee. The front part is covered with light blue green or white waistband. In the middle, a dark blue cloth strip alternating with the background color is added. A row of 5-6-inch-long striped patterns are embroidered on the top and colored ribbon is tied. The hair slants to the right, pulls the cudgel, inserts the small comb. Young people like to wrap white lace handkerchief, while middle-aged and old people usually pack black ones. In the past, she used to wear boat shaped embroidered shoes, but now they all wear ordinary shoes on the market. Young women are also equipped with festive and visiting costumes, that is, wearing collarless and unbuttoned doublets, lace from collar to chest and cuffs, with Embroidered Bra pocket on the upper edge, small earrings, one or two small silver collars and silver bracelets. For those who live together with the Dong people, their clothes are similar to those of the Dong people, but the clothes are longer and the skirts are slightly shorter. The sleeves are slightly wider. The young women wear their hair on the top of their heads, and the middle-aged and old women wear their hair behind their heads. Most of the people living in and around the town have changed their Han clothes, but their headwear still retains the characteristics of Zhuang nationality. They wear a silver collar with a lock shaped or diamond shaped silver block at the lower end of the collar, and a silver chain hanging down to the chest. Because men's and women's clothing in this area is still green and black, it is commonly known as "black Zhuang". Guangxi Zhuang people like blue, known as "blue Zhuang". It is said that the Zhuang people who immigrate to Guizhou must dress similar to the local Miao or Dong people, otherwise they will be bitten by tigers. In fact, this is the result of the long-term coexistence of ethnic groups and the natural exchange of culture and customs in the countryside. Folk taboos of Yi Nationality

There are many folk taboos of Yi nationality, which are expressed in all aspects of social production and life, and vary from place to place.

In the taboo tradition of the Yi people, there is a custom that one can do or not do on a specific day, which is called RI Ji. The Yi people in Weishan area do not go to work on the next day of Torch Festival, in order to avoid infuriating the God of fire and bring bad luck; on the first day of the first lunar month, they are not allowed to visit the house and splash water to prevent the loss of wealth.

Food taboo food taboo ban dog, horse, bear and other animal meat, because these animals and human homology from snow; is snow's descendants; Chinese New Year's three days taboo fresh vegetables into the house, otherwise it would be the greatest disrespect to the ancestors; women should not eat the meat of livestock died of dystocia; do not eat meat in the open air, otherwise ghosts will attach to it; banning grinding within seven days of the new year will make the family poor; banning ordinary times will reverse To push the mill, it will bring disaster to the family; do not grind the heart suddenly when grinding the mill; the popular belief is that ghosts are doing mischief, and the ground powder can not be eaten; do not put the spoon on the edge of the bowl after eating, because this is a way of honoring the dead; and so on. All kinds of taboos are related to the food category, diet, food production and the main body of diet. These taboos directly affect the food culture structure of Yi people.

Behavior taboo such as taboo women across men's clothing, not to mention from men's body, head across. Female guests are not allowed to go upstairs. Women can't go to the roof. Taboo to touch men's "God Bodhisattva", those who do not want to touch men should be slaughtered and drunk to make amends; those who are low-level before liberation are also in danger of being amputated and executed. If a woman catches and touches the "heavenly Bodhisattva", the man will be unlucky all his life. After the event, the "heavenly Bodhisattva" must be shaved off, otherwise the ghost will not return to the ancestral world after death. It is taboo for women to give their own jewelry and clothes to others. It is believed that Gefei, the soul of women's childbearing, loves to attach to these objects. If they are given to others, it will affect their fertility and the smooth growth of their children. In daily life, it is forbidden to use a wooden spoon when scooping soup, to stir it clockwise when mixing with oatmeal noodles, and to sweep the floor when people go far away, because these are the customs of funeral. Taboo words die, but called "old.". Taboo shadow is trampled, the trampled will retaliate for this. It is forbidden to shoot a gun or cut down trees to burn wasteland near the zulingqing where the ancestral tube is placed. It is forbidden to hunt pig grass and graze in burning ground or graveyard. When participating in the rain praying ceremony, it is forbidden for men to wear hats and women to pack their heads. It is forbidden for women with adultery to make sacrificial offerings for ancestors and to approach the spiritual throne of ancestors. It is forbidden to cross the fire pool or step on Guozhuang stone. In the eyes of Yi people, clothing is sacred. When wearing clothes, it is forbidden to be touched. The "Heaven Bodhisattva" on Yi men's head is strictly forbidden to be touched by others, especially by young people. If it is touched, it will offend gods, and the effect of "amulet" to avoid disasters and seek good luck will be lost.

It is forbidden for Yi people to whistle and make noise indoors, especially in other people's homes at night. Monkey drum dance of Yao nationality

When the Yao and Dong dance monkey drum dance, several bronze drums are hung on the field, and everyone takes turns to beat them for fun. The sound is in harmony with the dance posture. A shoulder high wooden drum is erected in the center of the dance hall. The percussion player imitates the movements of the monkey and keeps jumping and beating the drum. The crowd twists up and down with the sound, and they look intoxicated. Guizhou