Evening primrose (scientific name: Oenothera biennis); It is also called Xiaocao and evening primrose. Annual or biennial herbs of evening primrose in Salicaceae. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to September. Evening primrose is suitable for cultivation in a ventilated and bright place in the courtyard. It can also be potted and placed on the balcony for viewing. Under the moonlight in a quiet night, bursts of faint fragrance are refreshing. Evening primrose has strong self sowing ability. After one planting, its self sowing seedlings can grow and bloom continuously every year. Let's take a look at the details of evening primrose.
The morphological characteristics of evening primrose
Erect biennial coarse herb, basal rosette leaves close to the ground; The plant is 1.5 ~ 2m high, with cylindrical root and stem height of 50 ~ 200cm. It is not branched or branched. It is covered with curly pilose and extended long hair (blister at the base of hair). There are often mixed glandular hairs at the upper end of stem and branch. The seedling stage is in a rosette shape with long red hair at the base. Leaves alternate, the lower part of the stem is directly petiolate, and the upper leaf is nearly sessile; The leaves are oblong, lanceolate, 6 ~ 9 cm long and 1.5 ~ 3 cm wide, with sparse fine serrations at the edge and white pilose on both sides. The flowers are solitary in the leaf organs at the ends of branches, arranged in sparse spike shape, the calyx tube is slender, the apex is 4-lobed, and the lobes are reflexed; Petals 4, yellow, stamens 8, 4, opposite to petals. Pistil 1, stigma cleft. Capsule cylindric, apex pointed, outer tip pointed, covered with white long hair, cracking naturally after maturity. The seeds are small, brown, irregular triangular.
Growth habit and distribution of evening primrose
Chang Sheng is on the open and barren slope roadside. Drought resistant and barren, black soil, sandy soil, loess, young forest land, light saline alkali land, wasteland, river beach land and hillside land are suitable for planting.
It is native to North America (especially Canada and the eastern United States). It was introduced into Europe in the early stage, and then spread rapidly in the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It has been cultivated in Northeast China, North China, East China (including Taiwan) and southwest China (Sichuan and Guizhou) and has long been reduced to Yisheng. The pastoral areas of Transcaucasia and the Far East have been used as excellent grass species for artificial grassland construction as early as the early 1950s.
The moon sees grass and flowers blooming all over the mountain
Propagation method of evening primrose
① Seed reproduction
It is propagated with seeds, sown in spring in the north, sown all over the south of the Huaihe River, and cultivated in autumn or spring. When sowing, the soil shall be raked fine and flat, and the seeds shall be scattered on the border surface. Rake gently with a rake and cover with a thin layer of soil. The seeds are small, and the soil shall not be thick, otherwise the germination and growth of seeds will be affected. The soil should be kept moist after the seeds are sown. About 10 ~ 15 days after sowing, seeds can sprout seedlings.
Sowing can be sown in spring and autumn, and the autumn sowing period is from mid October to before freezing. If winter snow is heavy, autumn sowing is better than spring sowing, and winter snow is light, it is easy to cause seedling loss and strip breakage. Spring sowing can be carried out when the soil freezes 2 ~ 3cm before sowing wheat. When sowing, because the sowing amount is small, 60kg diammonium diammonium is used as seed dressing filler per hectare; If it is insufficient, a certain amount of dry sawdust or fried wheat and rape can be added for sowing. The sowing depth is 1 ~ 2cm, and it can be suppressed in time after sowing. The amount of seeds per hectare is 6kg, with 400000 ~ 500000 seedlings per hectare. The density should not be too small when sowing, otherwise there will be branches, resulting in inconsistent maturity.
② Cutting propagation
The branches used for cutting are called cuttings. Usually, combined with coring work, the picked strong, pest-free top tip is used as cuttings, and the top tip is directly used for cutting.
The optimum temperature for cuttings rooting is 18 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, below 18 ℃, cuttings rooting is difficult and slow; When the temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the scissor mouth of cuttings is easy to be infected by bacteria and rot, and the higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of rot. When low temperature is encountered after cutting, the thermal insulation measures are mainly to wrap the flower pot or container used for cutting with film; When cutting temperature is too high, the measures to cool down are mainly to shade the shading, cover the 50~80% of the sun, and spray the cuttings at 3~5 times a day. The higher the temperature is, the higher the temperature is, the lower the temperature is, the less the time is.
After cutting, the relative humidity of the air must be kept at 75 ~ 85%. Spray can be used to increase the humidity, 1~3 times a day. The higher the temperature is, the higher the temperature is. The lower the temperature is, the less the spray will be. But spraying too much, the cuttings are easily rotted by the infection of bacteria, because many kinds of germs exist in water.
Cutting propagation is inseparable from sunlight. However, the stronger the light, the higher the temperature in the cuttings, the stronger the transpiration of cuttings and the more water consumed, which is not conducive to the survival of cuttings. Therefore, after cutting, the sunlight must be blocked by 50 ~ 80%. After the roots grow, the shading net shall be gradually removed: in sunny days, the shading net shall be removed at 4:00 p.m. every day, and the shading net shall be covered before 9:00 a.m. the next day.
Application value and medicinal value of evening primrose potted
Pharmacological effects of evening primrose:
1. Hypolipidemic and anti atherosclerotic effects: Evening Primrose Oil 5ml / kg by gavage can reduce the increase of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol induced by high-fat diet in rats; And can significantly increase the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Rabbits were fed with cholesterol and lard to form hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Evening primrose oil was 0.1 ~ 0.3ml/kg by gavage for 8 weeks; The sodium salt of evening primrose oil fatty acid was 4.1g/kg. After continuous gavage for 150 days, the formation of aortic plaque was significantly reduced, and the inhibition rate of evening primrose oil reached 47.6% ~ 73.5%.
2. Weight loss effect: evening primrose oil 0.3 ~ 1ml / kg, gavage for 8 weeks, can prevent subcutaneous injection of high-dose sodium glutamate (3mg / g body weight) from causing hypothalamic obesity in rats. Reduce triglyceride in animal blood and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol; It can also inhibit the increase of adipocytes and the thickening of intestinal villi in rats with sodium glutamate, so as to adjust the absorption function of gastrointestinal tract and reduce fat accumulation in vivo.
3. Anti fatty liver effect: evening primrose oil 0.3ml/kg, 5% sodium salt 2ml / kg and 5% sodium salt 6ml / kg by gavage have good anti fatty liver effect on rats induced by ethionine. Evening primrose oil and sodium salt have good anti fatty liver effect. Significantly reduce the content of triacylglycerol in fatty liver and inhibit the occurrence of fatty liver.
4. Antiarrhythmic effect: evening primrose oil and its sodium salt have significant preventive and therapeutic effects on arrhythmias induced by aconitine in rats, piloside g in guinea pigs and barium chloride in rabbits, especially on arrhythmias induced by barium chloride.
5. Anti inflammatory effect: evening primrose oil can significantly inhibit the inflammation caused by various inflammatory agents. Evening primrose oil can significantly inhibit the ear swelling of mice caused by xylene by intragastric administration of 2 ~ 4ml / kg, and the foot swelling caused by carrageenan and histamine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), scalding, formaldehyde and nystatin in normal rats and adrenalectomized rats. Inhibit the release of PGE and inflammation caused by PGE and histamine, inhibit the release of bradykinin and stabilize lysosomal membrane. Its anti-inflammatory effect is not through exciting the pituitary adrenal cortical system, but may be through inhibiting the release of mediators in the process of inflammation, inflammation, exudation, leukocyte chemotaxis and connective tissue hyperplasia.
Information of evening primrose
Economic value (making evening primrose oil)
Evening primrose has beautiful flower fragrance, which is often cultivated and used for viewing. Fragrant oil can be extracted from flowers; Seeds can be pressed for oil, edible and medicinal purposes; Stem skin fiber can make rope; Its seed oil content is 25.1%, including y ~ linolenic acid is 8.1%, which is the most promising species.
Evening primrose oil is the main ingredient in many natural cosmetics. Evening primrose contains high concentrations of fatty acids and linolenic acid, which can prevent and treat cowhide disease, eczema and other skin symptoms. Evening primrose also locks in moisture. Essential fatty acids can keep nails healthy and prevent breakage. Nourish the scalp and hair.
Function of evening primrose oil:
1. Efficacy of evening primrose oil on female premenstrual syndrome (PMS). According to statistics, up to 40% of women aged 15 to 50 have premenstrual symptoms to varying degrees, mainly manifested in abdominal distension, abdominal pain, anxiety, mood fluctuation, breast distension or very soft, pain, insomnia, skin rash or acne on their face and sexual coldness in the first to second weeks before menstruation. Women with severe premenstrual syndrome can completely improve their symptoms by taking 1000 mg evening primrose oil twice a day. Another effect is to make women who are usually afraid of the cold increase their resistance to the cold and won't have cold limbs.
2. Efficacy of evening primrose oil on climacteric syndrome. Menopause is a physiological decline of ovarian function, resulting in reduced estrogen secretion, mainly manifested in insomnia, tension, irritability, depression, facial fever, flushing and sweating. Supplementing natural evening primrose oil for menopausal women can balance endocrine disorders and alleviate menopausal symptoms.
3. It has significant effects on cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes.
4. Relationship between evening primrose oil and eczema, asthma and allergy. If children suffer from eczema, asthma and allergy, evening primrose oil can be applied to tender skin, such as abdomen and inner thigh. Due to better absorption, it can improve many symptoms. Adults can take evening primrose oil orally to improve the allergic reaction of patients with specific constitution.
5. Relationship between evening primrose oil and hyperactive children. Evening primrose oil is available directly γ Linolenic acid and rich essential fatty acids greatly improve the symptoms of hyperactive infants. Take one evening primrose orally every morning and evening. Consumption of evening primrose oil is absolutely beneficial to hyperactive children. 6. Relationship between evening primrose oil and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Gla rich in evening primrose oil is the precursor of PGE1. After taking it, patients with rheumatoid arthritis can directly synthesize PGE1 in vivo, which can inhibit the release of lysosomal enzyme, stimulate T lymphocytes of immune system and promote normal autoimmune function. As long as the patient's own immune function returns to normal, inflammatory factors are inhibited, The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis was eliminated.
Plant culture of Evening Primrose Flower Evening Primrose Flower language of evening primrose: 'beauty after bathing' magic.
There is a saying that when women give evening primrose to men, it represents "silent love; There is also a common saying that evening primrose represents an unyielding heart and a free heart;