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Breeding methods of potted jujube trees: pay special attention to prevention and control

In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, flower bonsai has increasingly entered the household. After dwarfing cultivation and proper modeling, fruit trees can also be used as bonsai for people to enjoy, and at the same time provide a certain number of fruits. For example, jujube trees have early bearing, small leaves, beautiful branches, red fruits, and rich nutrition. Some ornamental jujube varieties are especially suitable for potted cultivation. They can blossom and bear fruit in the year of planting, which has high ornamental value and certain economic value. Now many flower friends like to use the open space, courtyard, building balcony with better lighting conditions for jujube cultivation, which can be seen and eaten, killing two birds with one stone. Now Xiaobian sorted out some key points of jujube potted technology, hoping to help those who want to cultivate potted jujube.

The best growing soil of Zizyphus jujuba: the pot culture of Zizyphus jujuba is not strict with the pot soil, but because it grows and develops in the limited soil, the pot soil is required to be loose and fertile, with good permeability and strong ability of water and fertilizer conservation. Four parts of garden soil, two parts of humus soil, two parts of stable manure and two parts of sandy soil can be used as basin soil after fully mixing according to the volume ratio.

The best growth humidity: drought and waterlogging resistance. From mid May to mid June, water should also be sprayed and sprayed locally. Watering should be dry and wet.

The best growth temperature: the ground temperature (refers to the average temperature in the 30 cm deep soil layer) is the main factor affecting the root growth of jujube. Generally, the ground temperature is about 9 ℃ and the root begins to move. The growth peak of new roots is about 24 ~ 26 ℃. Therefore, the diameter and height of the pot jujube tree should be 30-40 cm in the large basin, so that the ground temperature is relatively constant.

The best growth light: jujube is a light loving tree species. I have done a comparative experiment, put one basin on the balcony with good lighting, and the other basin under the toon tree in the hospital. After late May, with the growth of Toona sinensis branches and leaves, the light of the potted jujube tree under the tree is far less than that on the balcony, which only blooms and does not bear fruit, while the one on the balcony already bears fruit. So try to put the potted plants in the place where there is sunlight, the sun is more intense in summer, and don't put them under the sun at noon to avoid burns.

Key points of breeding techniques of jujube bonsai 1. Variety selection

The varieties used for potted jujube should have the characteristics of early bearing, large and peculiar fruit, beautiful branch shape and compact tree shape. The main ornamental varieties suitable for potted jujube are as follows

① Longxu jujube: the tree is weak, and its developing branches, fruiting base branches and deciduous fruit branches are all bent and twisted. The branch shape is peculiar, such as dragon claw shape, so it is also called Longxu jujube and Longzhao jujube. The fruit surface is often uneven and twisted, and the ornamental effect is good.

② Teapot jujube: the shape of the fruit is similar to Yixing teapot, hence its name.

③ Hulu jujube: there is a constriction mark on the middle and upper part of the fruit, which is in the shape of gourd or Mopan. The shape of the fruit is beautiful, so it is also called constriction mark jujube and Mopan jujube.

④ Shidi jujube: its main feature is that the sepals at the base of the fruit are persistent, green at the beginning, thicker, fleshy with the development and maturity of the fruit, and dark red at the end.

⑤ Tailihong: the tree is moderate in vigor and high in yield. The fruit is cone-shaped and peach red. After fertilization, the flower disc and ovary are purple, so it is named embryo red, and the branchlets and veins are purple, which has special ornamental value.

⑥ Dongzao: also known as pingguozao, it has weak tree shape, purple annual branches, degenerated leaf spines, oblong leaves, round fruits, and beautiful appearance. The fruit quality is good. In addition, you can choose other varieties with different characteristics, such as Yangjiao jujube, Lizao, Yimeng seedless black jujube, etc.

2. Upper basin

2.1 upper basin period

Most of jujube trees are planted in spring, and the survival rate is high before germination in spring. It is suitable in the middle and late April in North China. If there are better overwintering conditions in winter, it can also be put into the basin after falling leaves in autumn. In this way, early germination in spring can shorten the slow seedling stage and promote the early growth and development.

2.2 pot container

At the beginning of the basin, in order to facilitate the maintenance, the plain burning basin (tile basin) which is suitable for the size of the tree body is generally selected to make it fast forming and easy to bear fruit. After molding, in order to increase its ornamental, it can be replaced in glazed basin, purple sand basin, porcelain basin or wooden basin (barrel).

2.3 pot soil preparation

The pot culture of jujube is not strict with the pot soil, but because it grows in the limited soil, the pot soil is required to be loose and fertile, with good permeability and strong ability of water and fertilizer conservation. Four parts of garden soil, two parts of humus soil, two parts of stable manure and two parts of sandy soil can be used as basin soil after fully mixing according to the volume ratio.

2.4 upper basin method

Check whether the water hole at the bottom of the basin is unobstructed, cover the hole with the convex surface of the broken basin piece upward, then spread about 2cm slag, and then put a small amount of culture soil. Before planting, prune the seedlings, cut the wounds, cut off the injured roots and leave more fibrous roots; When planting, the roots should be stretched and closely connected with the soil. For larger or thicker roots, the soil around the roots can be gently inserted with bamboo sticks or sticks, and the basin waist can be gently patted with hands to avoid large gaps in the rhizosphere. The planting depth should be flat at the original soil mark (root neck) of jujube seedling. If it is a grafted seedling, the interface should be exposed to the soil surface, the basin soil should be 80% full, and about 20% of the water inlet should be left for irrigation. After the basin, the water should be poured in time, and then placed in the leeward and sunny place to keep the basin soil moist.

3. Shaping and pruning

Jujube is a light loving tree species, pruning response is slow, should keep the canopy ventilation and light transmission in order to make its growth and fruiting good. Can choose the main stem curved shape, three main branches natural shape, Youlong shape, etc. The combination of winter and summer pruning was adopted. The main purpose of winter pruning is to cultivate tree shape. After the jujube head which needs to be lengthened is cut short, the first secondary branch under the pruning mouth is cut off to promote the main bud germination and form a new elongated branch. At the same time, the concurrent branches, Cross branches, overlapping branches and pest branches on the tree were removed. For the branches using fruit, they are usually cut to the biennial part, and the secondary branches under the cutting mouth are cut off. Summer pruning is mainly to wipe bud, sparse branch and pinching, to control excessive branch, we should often pay attention to wipe off the redundant jujube head. The shape of potted jujube tree is fast, and the task of shaping and pruning can be completed in that year. Therefore, the sprouted new jujube heads should be removed from the base except for renewal, so as to save nutrition consumption, keep the ventilation and light transmission in the crown, concentrate nutrition, and promote the development of secondary branches, jujube hanging, flowers and fruits.

4. Soil, fertilizer and water management

Due to the limited soil, the potted jujube tree needs more precise water and fertilizer management than the jujube tree cultivated in open field. Early spring germination should be combined with basic fertilizer and watering once. The germination, branch growth, flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruit setting of jujube trees are almost simultaneous, and the nutrition demand is particularly large. Therefore, the organic fertilizer should be applied before and after flowering, and then the available nitrogen fertilizer should be applied appropriately, and the principle of watering at this stage should be followed. In the second fast growing period (expanding stage) of fruit, the quick acting fertilizer mainly composed of P and K should be applied, and the base fertilizer in autumn could strengthen the tree vigor. In addition, in the first year of potting, weed seeds or root segments are often found in the soil. When they germinate, they should be removed immediately. Because the potted soil is easy to harden due to the frequent watering, it should be ploughed once a year in spring to loosen the potted soil properly; A small amount of earthworm can also be raised in the basin, which can not only loosen the soil, but also fertilize the soil.

5. Overwintering management

Potted jujube trees can overwinter indoors or outdoors. Indoor winter, should choose no heating equipment idle house, generally in the middle and late December will move the basin into the room, pouring enough water before entering the room. In order to keep the humidity, the flowerpot can be put into a plastic bag, the mouth of the bag can be tied on the tree trunk, or the mouth of the pot can be tightly wrapped with plastic film. Outdoor overwintering, that is to say, after watering the flowerpot, the flowerpot is buried in the ground, and the mouth of the flowerpot is flush with the ground or slightly lower than the ground. The potted trees with enough water can also be placed in the corner of the courtyard, and a wall about 10 cm higher than the flowerpot can be blocked by brick or wooden board. The gap between the wall and the pot, and between the pots, can be filled and covered with weeds, leaves, sawdust, etc.

6. Pest control

6.1 jujube witches' broom

The disease is a devastating disease. The susceptible branches are slender, dense and nest like, the leaves become smaller and cluster like, and the flowers degenerate. The disease can be carried by grafting diseased plants, root tiller ramets and so on. Therefore, the diseased plants should be removed in time to prevent the spread.

6.2 jujube rust

The disease is caused by high temperature and high humidity, and usually occurs in July to August. The disease mainly appeared on the leaves and fruits. At the early stage of infection, there were irregular light green spots, then dark brown, and raised upward. Finally, the spots were brown and the leaves fell off, resulting in fruit drop. The main control methods are as follows: 1. In winter, the fallen leaves should be removed and burned to reduce the source of disease; ② In the period of easy occurrence, the branches should be thinned to ensure the ventilation and light transmission in the crown; ③ In the middle of July and the first ten days of August, 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 200 times of Bordeaux solution or 500-800 times of ludebao solution were sprayed respectively.

6.3 Ectropis jujuba

This insect occurs in all jujube areas. It damages buds, leaves and flowers with larvae, and can spin silk to hinder the extension of buds and leaves. When it is serious, it can eat up the leaves of the whole tree, resulting in serious yield reduction or even no harvest. The control methods are as follows: (1) to kill the overwintering pupae, the bark of the old trees should be scraped off properly in winter and the mixture of sulfur and Omethoate should be brushed; ② Before the emergence of adults in early spring, a long-acting oil poison with a width of 2-5cm was applied on the trunk 10-20cm away from the basin soil to poison the females and larvae of the trees; ③ After the larva is found, it can be sprayed with 800 times 50% aqueous solution of Badan, once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in total.

7. Changing pots and pruning roots

With the growth of potted jujube plants, the original pot volume is not suitable for the growth of plants; Some mineral nutrients have been deficient in the basin soil after long-term selective absorption by plant roots; Moreover, after years of growth, jujube roots cross grow in the basin, crowding each other, affecting the growth of new roots, reducing the ability to absorb nutrients. Therefore, the potted jujube trees should be changed or reversed once every 2-3 years. In order to achieve rejuvenation effect, appropriate root pruning should be carried out in combination with pot changing. In general, only the reticular roots in the outer layer of the basin soil should be cut off. The amount of root pad pruning should be controlled at 20% - 30%. The surrounding basin soil should be gently removed, about 1 / 2-1 / 3 of which should be removed, and the new nutrient soil should be replaced and planted in a larger or original basin. Fill enough water and put it in half shade for about 10 days, and then carry out daily maintenance.

The maintenance experience of Zizyphus jujuba Bonsai: while enjoying Zizyphus jujuba bonsai, don't forget to prune frequently to prevent pests. Jujube witches' broom is very harmful to jujube trees. Jujube witches' broom usually occurs from July to August. With the growth of jujube trees, the original pot has been unable to plant jujube trees. If the pot is not replaced in time, the jujube trees will stop growing. Jujube bonsai has a high ornamental value. The price of a long-standing jujube bonsai in the market is unusual. However, if you just watch jujube trees, it's also a unique scenery on your balcony.